Re-estimating gender differences in income in South Africa: The implications of equivalence scales

Most studies of poverty and inequality in South Africa measure individual welfare by deflating total household resources, such as income, by household size. This per-capita method makes no adjustments for the different consumption needs of children or for household economies of scale. However, in addition to being more likely to live in households where average per-capita household income is lower compared with men, we show that women in South Africa also live in significantly larger households which include more children. These gendered differences in household composition are driven to a large degree by low rates of co-residency between men and women. We therefore investigate how adjusting household resources for the presence of children and economies of scale affects measures of the gender gap in income.     

城乡等值化的理论剖析及实践启示

通过剖析有关城乡等值化的若干观点,提出了城乡等值化理论的核心观点,并通过对国内外"城乡等值化"实践进行深入分析,得出了实现城乡等值化的几点启示。     

On games with identical equilibrium payoffs

Summary. This paper compares the sets of Nash, coalition- proof Nash and strong Nash equilibrium payoffs of normal form games which are closely related. We propose sufficient conditions for equivalent or closely related games to have identical sets of equilibrium payoffs. Received: April 23, 1999; revised version: November 23, 1999     

基于复杂网络社团结构理论的同调等值算法

基于复杂网络社团结构理论，提出了一种同调等值的新算法。首先构造动态电力网络的加权Laplace矩阵，在此基础上利用谱平分法分析系统故障后的Laplace矩阵，将系统划分为2个区域，其中同步能力弱化系数最小的机组所在的区域被选为研究区域，另一个则为外部区域。然后基于模块度的概念构建分区评价指标，并利用凝聚算法分析故障前的Laplace矩阵，将外部区域划分为多个等值分区。对IEEE 39节点系统的仿真分析表明，所提出的同调等值算法能够自动确定研究区域和外部区域，自动确定外部区域中等值分区的数目，而且计算量小，迅速准确。     

On Functional Equivalence of Idiom Translation

The aim of this article is to discuss the feasibility of functional equivalence in idiom translations in Chinese-English cultures,trying to find efficient ways to avoid both under-translation and over-translation.The more functions are reproduced,the better the version will be at achieving correspondence between meaning and function.     

Ricardian equivalence with uninformed consumers?

Empirical studies have shown that the majority of people are poorly informed about the size of government debts and deficits. This paper investigates whether it is nevertheless possible for households to mimic Ricardian behavior on the basis of those variables that they actually observe. In a simple two-period model, it is shown that imperfect information about government debt can lead to departures from Ricardian equivalence even if the households' estimates of debt are unbiased. The paper discusses why households face difficulties in obtaining relevant information about government debt.     

Disability Costs and Equivalence Scales in the Older Population in Great Britain

We use a standard of living (SoL) approach to estimate older people's disability costs, using data on 8000 individuals from the U.K. Family Resources Survey. We extend previous research in two ways. First, by allowing for a more flexible relationship between SoL and income, the structure of the estimated disability cost and equivalence scale is not dictated by a restrictive functional form assumption. Second, we allow for the latent nature of disability and SoL, addressing measurement error in the disability and SoL indicators in surveys. We find that disability costs are strongly related to severity of disability, and vary with income in absolute and proportionate terms. Older people above the median disability level require an extra £99 per week (2007 prices) on average to reach the SoL of an otherwise similar person at the median. Costs faced by older people in the highest decile of disability average £180.     

我国国债的财富效应探析——1985~2002年间我国国债规模对消费需求影响的实证研究

目前国内对国债效应的研究,集中于国债对投资的影响,较少论及国债对居民消费的影响。然而,国债对消费的影响同样重要。居民可能将国债作为金融财富,也可能认为国债对应着未来的税收。国债对消费的影响,取决于国债在居民的预算约束中是作为财富还是作为预期的未来税收而存在。若居民更多地将国债作为一种金融财富而不是未来税收,则国债促进消费增长并带动经济增长;反之,则形成“李嘉图等价效应”所描述的金融挤出效应。通过对1985~2002年的数据进行回归,作者发现我国国债呈现出较强的财富效应。但是,这一财富效应却是与国债存量相关的。若公众的信心发生变化,消费需求将迅速下降。这就要求国债政策的淡出只能是渐进的,以避免对居民消费造成较大的冲击。     

从语用学角度探讨商务英语的翻译策略

商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流,受到英汉两种不同语言规律和文化特征的制约。进行商务英语翻译应该根据具体语境把握语用原则,准确理解原文的语用含义、交际意图和交际功能,并将其完全反映到译文中。应用语用学来进行商务英语翻译一些行之有效的方法包括：把握语境,选择对等词语;拆分整合,句子结构重组;礼貌等值,确保表达得体;音译法和谐音取义法;恰当切换、模拟译语表达等。