全低变工艺开发应用中的问题与对策

讨论了全低变工艺开发过程中遇到的一些问题和对策,对中、小氮肥企业进行技术改造具有一定的参考意义。     

综合防渗技术在黄岗水库防渗加固工程中的应用

水库大坝综合防渗加固技术具有投资省、防渗墙体连接均匀完整可靠、防渗效果好、施工速度快等特点.通过黄岗水库的实践,为该项技术的推广提供了一个典型实例工程.     

引滦入唐工程某渡槽裂缝成因及对策分析

针对引滦入唐工程中某渡槽的开裂情况，从渡槽的两个使用状态入手进行分析，考虑按旧规范计算对设计造成的误差，采用大型有限元分析程序分析了渡槽各种工况的运行情况，并根据使用情况分析了开裂原因，提出了加固意见和同类渡槽设计的建议。     

Salmonid observations at a Klamath River thermal refuge under various hydrological and meteorological conditions

The Beaver Creek confluence with the main‐stem Klamath River was studied to assess salmonid use in a thermal mixing zone under various summer hydrological and meteorological conditions. Main‐stem flow releases from Iron Gate Dam ranged from 17 cms (615 cfs) to 37 cms (1320 cfs) during the study period and main‐stem water temperatures ranged from 19.5 to 26°C. A grid was constructed to define the thermal refuge as a system of cells. Temperatures were monitored using remote temperature loggers and fish counts were conducted using daytime snorkelling. Most juvenile salmonids were observed moving into the refuge when main‐stem temperatures exceeded 22–23°C. Salmonids in the thermal refuge did not necessarily seek the coolest water, but were generally located in habitats commensurate with species‐specific behavioural needs within their thermal tolerance range. Such ranges largely occurred within refuge areas. Variable meteorological conditions confounded observable biological thermal benefit to fish resulting from higher or lower main‐stem flows. Thermal regime dynamics indicated that under the hydrological and meteorological conditions observed, higher flows from Iron Gate Dam showed some ability to change the structure of the refuge area. It appeared that without the thermal refuge, main‐stem flows alone could not sustain the salmonid population because high water temperatures usually exceeded their published thermal tolerance limits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

景电高扬程灌区水价改革实践及思考

水价是水商品价值的体现。由于多方面的原因，水价改革的进程与水商品生产经营的市场化供求关系还不相适应，致使现行水价不能体现水资源的市场需求价值。回顾总结景电灌区水价调整改革的实践，可以为西北高扬程灌区水价改革提供借鉴。     

Snowpack response in the Assiniboine-Red River basin associated with projected global warming of 1.0 °C to 3.0 °C

This study assesses snow response in the Assiniboine-Red River basin, located in the Lake Winnipeg watershed, due to anthropogenic climate change. We use a process-based distributed snow model driven by an ensemble of eight statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) to project future changes under policy-relevant global mean temperature (GMT) increases of 1.0 °C to 3.0 °C above the pre-industrial period. Results indicate that basin scale seasonal warmings generally exceed the GMT increases, with greater warming in winter months. The majority of GCMs project wetter winters and springs, and drier summers, while autumn could become either drier or wetter. An analysis of snow water equivalent (SWE) responses under GMT changes reveal higher correlations of snow cover duration (SCD), snowmelt rate, maximum SWE (SWE_max) and timing of SWE_max with winter and spring temperatures compared to precipitation, implying that these variables are predominantly temperature controlled. Consequently, under the GMT increases from 1.0 °C to 3.0 °C, the basin will experience successively shorter SCD, slower snowmelt, smaller monthly SWE and SWE_max, earlier SWE_max, and a transition from snow-dominated to rain-snow hybrid regime. Further, while the winter precipitation increases for some GCMs compensate the temperature-driven changes in SWE, the increases for most GCMs occur as rainfall, thus limiting the positive contribution to snow storage. Overall, this study provides a detailed diagnosis of the snow regime changes under the policy-relevant GMT changes, and a basis for further investigations on water quantity and quality changes.     

长江上游高洪水期泥沙输移特性

长江上游高洪水期(汛期)泥沙输移特性是决定三峡库区泥沙淤积的关键因素,直接关乎三峡水库使用寿命及综合效益的发挥。借助干、支流长系列水沙资料,分析了长江三峡水库入库寸滩站高洪水期泥沙输移特性,结果表明:近40 a来,寸滩站场次洪水中7 d洪量未出现趋势性变化,而7 d沙量显著减少,高洪水期输沙经历了“涨水输沙占优—涨、落水基本持平—落水输沙占优”的变化过程。2013年以前,寸滩站高洪水期径流及泥沙均主要来自于金沙江,而向家坝、溪洛渡水电站陆续投运后,2013—2019年寸滩站洪水场次(洪峰流量30 000 m³/s以上)共计14场。从径流来源来看,仅4场主要来自于金沙江,其余9场主要来自于嘉陵江,1场来自岷江;从泥沙来源来看,9场主要来自于嘉陵江,其余5场分别来自于沱江、岷江、横江,金沙江已不是寸滩站高洪水期过程中泥沙的主要来源区。研究成果可为三峡水库沙峰排沙调度、库尾减淤调度提供理论支撑,为长江泥沙治理提供保障。     

岩石高边坡稳定性并行计算及其应用

在高地震烈度区的岩石高边坡抗震安全评价需要大规模数值计算,而现有商业软件无法有效解决这类复杂的工程问题,因此,本文开发了解决岩石高边坡接触稳定性问题的对等架构并行计算程序,并应用于泰山公司抽水蓄能电站上水库左岸边坡的静力和动力稳定性评价。在数值建模过程中,将岩石边坡滑块体、地质结构面、库水作用以及近场地基作为岩石高边坡动力接触系统。在稳定性安全评价中结合了有限元法、极限平衡法和接触算法,考虑影响高边坡稳定性的多种复杂因素,通过计算特定滑动面的安全系数或安全系数时程,基于现行水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范,完成了岩石高边坡稳定性评价,回避了求解复杂岩体材料非线性的问题。计算结果显示,所开发的程序具有较高的并行计算效率,对解决复杂岩石高边坡稳定问题具有显著的优势。     

河套盆地晚更新世以来黄河改道对高砷地下水分布的控制机制

针对河套盆地开展了历时多年的水文地质环境地质调查,利用采集的298组浅层地下水样品以及收集并甄选的382个水文地质钻孔记录分析发现:河套盆地内95%的高砷地下水(As质量浓度10μg/L)集中在黄河决口、改道形成的古河道影响带及黄河决口扇裙带。其中,盆地南部首次发现了较为集中的高砷地下水,其分布范围与黄河北岸的晚更新世以来黄河决口、改道形成的4个大型决口扇,在空间上有着良好的对应关系。黄河古河道带及决口扇裙带表现为较强的还原环境及蒸发浓缩作用以及较弱的地表水补给强度。受pH值、含铁氧化物的还原性溶解等因素影响,决口扇裙带浅层地下水中砷的含量略低于平原中部黄河古河道带。结果表明:黄河古河道带及决口扇裙带特定的沉积环境控制着地下水的水文地球化学过程,进而对高砷地下水的分布具有决定性的作用。     

CRU高分辨率格点降水资料在海河流域的适用性

利用海河流域及其子流域漳河流域的实测站点资料,采用皮尔逊相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及相对偏差作为评价指标,对CRU(climate research unit)数据降水产品的月尺度降水数据在海河与漳河流域的适用性进行评估分析,结果表明：CRU数据在海河子流域漳河流域的适用性好于整个海河流域,各项评价结果均达到预期期望;突变性与周期性规律检验结果与以往基于实测数据分析结果相符;从相关系数角度来看,应用于2个流域的CRU数据在1990年之前整体表现良好,但在1990年后海河流域的相关系数显著下降。综上CRU数据可应用于海河流域与漳河流域的气候变化背景下水文过程模拟与分析,但应用于海河流域实测站点数据的还原时,应充分考虑其年际表现不一的问题。