南水北调中线工程2014—2022年冬季水温与冰盖观测分析

南水北调中线工程自2014年12月全线通水以来已运行8个冬季,为防止冰塞冬季输水流量控制为设计流量的30%~50%,严重制约了工程输水效益的发挥。因此,渠道水温和冰盖特性一直是冬季输水关注的重点问题之一。实测数据表明：①冬季输水流量总体逐年增大,最末段保持相对稳定,岗头闸流量约为50 m³/s,北拒马河闸约为25 m³/s;②冬季气温总体以暖冬居多。保定站最低气温-22.0 ℃,3日滑动气温极值-10.7 ℃,短期强寒潮可能是今后冰盖生成的关键驱动因子;③冬季水温沿程逐渐降低,渠首陶岔闸最低水温6.7 ℃,渠末北拒马河闸多数年份降至0 ℃附近。北拒马河闸水温最大降幅10日内由3.5 ℃降至0 ℃,期间渠段水温降幅亦达到极大值1.69 ℃/100 km。④2016年冬季冰盖最长达280 km(最南端延伸至午河闸),次之为2015年冬季的73 km和2021年冬季的38 km,有两个冬季未生成冰盖。岗头闸-北拒马河闸近90 km是冰盖多发渠段,应引起关注。基于冰盖生成前实测数据,以初始水温和区间气温为输水条件,拟合给出了2 d、3 d和7 d等不同预报时效的简化水温模型和冰盖生成临界阈值。初步分析认为：冬季气温和输水流量是冰盖生成的两大关键驱动因子,流量越小气温越低越易生成冰盖,1月出现的短期强寒潮更易于导致冰盖生成。2016年冬季严重冰情是二者叠加的结果,2015年冬季冰盖主要是输水流量小诱发,而2021年冬季冰盖主要是短期强寒潮所致。     

高寒地区大型液压升降坝设计问题探讨

辽宁省海城市大型液压升降坝是目前国内已建的挡水面积最大的液压升降坝,也是在高寒地区建设的第一座液压升降坝。该坝挡水面积达960 m~2,拦蓄水量达336.79万m~3。解决该工程防冰害设计及汛期消能防冲问题,是工程成功与否的基础。通过参考先行建设的一座小型液压坝积累的经验,提出了该坝在防冰害设计和消能防冲方面的设计思路,并在实际运行中取得了很好的效果。相关设计方案可供其他液压升降坝设计参考。     

乌鲁木齐河流冰椎的形成特征及其分布

通过对河冰椎多年系统观测，对比分析其形成和发育大致经过冰椎形成、发育、稳定、融化冻结和消亡５个阶段；出山口以上冰椎储量通常可达１７８２×１０６ｍ３，折合径流量为１５３１×１０６ｍ３；冰椎与稳定负温期的积温－ｔ℃及水源补给形式有较高的相关性，为人工调蓄利用冰椎提供了科学依据     

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ELASTIC MODULUS OF DUT-1 MODEL ICE

1 .　INTRODUCTIONTherearemany problemsassociatedwithiceinriversandseasinChina .Withthedevelopmentoftheeconomyandtechnology ,theBohaiSea ,anareawhichexperiencesfreezing ,israpidlybeingexploredanddeveloped .Also ,thestudiesoficeproblemsininlandrivers ,suchastheYellowRiverandtheSonghuaRiver ,aremainlyfocusedonthespringiceseason .Inaddition ,someprojectsthatareeither plannedorinoperation ,suchastheSouth NorthWaterTransferProject ,theexplo rationanduseoftheTumenRiver ,andtheopenwatercanal…     

A review of hydroecological results of the Northern River Basins Study,Canada. Part 1. Peace and Slave rivers

During the early 1990s a multi‐component research programme was initiated by the Northern River Basins Study (NRBS) in Canada to answer the question: How does and how could flow regulation affect the aquatic ecosystem? Research focused on the major headwaters of the Mackenzie River, the Peace and Slave rivers, which became regulated in 1968 by the W.A.C. Bennett Dam in the Rocky Mountains. The lack of knowledge about the hydroecology of large northern rivers as well as a paucity of data for this relatively isolated basin required that studies be undertaken to assess how flow regulation had modified the physical template of this system. Research focused on quantifying the regulation effects on the flow regime, ice conditions, fluvial geomorphology and riparian vegetation of the Peace and Slave rivers and the Slave River Delta. Results of the NRBS studies indicate that regulation of the Peace River has shifted the pattern of seasonal flows and damped flow extremes creating a less variable annual regime. Increased winter releases from the reservoir have virtually eliminated the formation of a complete winter ice cover for a significant distance below the dam and delayed ice‐cover formation farther downstream. Higher ice levels that accompany increased winter flows are thought to affect the frequency and magnitude of ecologically important ice‐induced floods that occur during the spring. Although more difficult to link solely to the effects of flow regulation, pronounced morphologic and vegetation changes have been observed along the Peace River, including channel narrowing via the abandonment of secondary/backwater channels and in‐channel shoaling along the lower reaches. Vegetation succession has been especially evident on abandoned bar surfaces. Morphological changes were also observed in the Slave River Delta, particularly along the ecologically sensitive outer margin of the delta. Copyright © 2002 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雪覆盖下冰盖的热力增厚和消融

雪覆盖下冰盖的热力增厚和消融是急需研究的问题,对于冬季降雪频繁地区开河预报、冰凌洪水风险分析具有重要的实用价值。基于雪盖和冰盖的热力条件是准稳态假设,建立了冰盖热力增厚和消融速率与雪厚、冰厚、大气传递给雪面的净热通量和水体传递给冰底面净热通量的函数关系,包括：太阳辐射、反射和透射,雪面和大气的长波辐射,雪面蒸发-对流,河床地温等因素。提出了雪面温度和冰盖垂向温度分布的理论公式及冰盖热力增厚和消融发展过程的数值计算模型。最后,以黑龙江漠河段实测的冰情为例,验证了所提冰盖热力增厚和消融数学模型的实用性,并分析了一些重要参数随时间的变化特点。     

机载雷达在黄河稳封期冰厚测量中的应用

为提高稳封期河道冰厚的测量效率,利用机载雷达对黄河内蒙古什四份子弯道进行了冰厚测验,并与量冰尺实测冰厚进行了对比。结果表明,什四份子弯道稳封期凹岸一侧冰厚范围在50～90 cm左右,比凸岸一侧冰厚约厚10～30 cm;清沟两侧冰厚分布一致,平均约50 cm,离清沟越近冰厚越小。机载雷达的测冰效果,平封冰盖最好(绝对误差小于5 cm)、立封冰盖次之、堆积冰盖最差,雷达实测冰厚与量冰尺实测冰厚的标准差为0.039 4,随机不确定度为7.88%,满足冰厚观测规范要求。机载雷达能快速对较大尺度的冰厚区域进行连续测量,极大地提升了冰厚的测验效率,可应用于黄河稳封期的冰厚测验。     

Simulations of ice jam thickness distribution in the transverse direction

River ice often forms in the cold regions of northern hemisphere which can lead to ice jams(or ice dams). Water level can be significantly raised due to ice jams. As a consequence, disastrous ice flooding may be resulted, such as the ice jam flooding in the Nechako River in Prince George in winter 2007-2008. In the present study, the equations describing the ice jam thickness in the transverse direction are derived. The impact of the secondary vortex is considered while the cohesive force within ice cubes is neglected in the model. The relationship between the parameter β and the total water depth is established based on the assumption that all other variables except the velocities are kept constant on the same cross section. By using the parameter β and the developed equations, the ice jam thickness in the transverse direction can be predicted. The developed model is used to simulate the ice jam thickness in the transverse direction at the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River in China. The simulated ice jam thicknesses agree well with the field measurements on different cross sections.     

渠道潜冰底面水压力分布特性的数值模拟研究

潜入冰盖底面的冰凌称为潜冰,潜冰的停滞和堆积可能形成冰塞、冰坝等严重的冰情现象。潜冰的运动形式与其底面的水压力密切相关。本文采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型,对潜冰底面的压力分布进行了三维数值模拟研究。通过与Larsen的试验数据对比,验证了该数值模型的可靠性与正确性。潜冰底面的水压力是前缘分流效应与文丘里效应共同作用的结果。模拟结果表明:潜冰底面前缘效应与文丘里效应不仅与冰盖下平均流速V,相对水深t/h密切相关,而且随相对宽度b/B而变化:文丘里效应与b/B呈正比,前缘效应与b/B呈幂相关。通过对数值模拟结果进行分析,得到了考虑潜冰宽度影响的潜冰底面文丘里效应压强和前缘效应压强的计算公式,并在此基础上提出了潜冰底面水压力的估算公式。     

PROGRESS IN STUDIES ON ICE ACCUMULATION IN RIVER BENDS

River ice is an important hydraulic element in temperate and polar environments and would affect hydrodynamic conditions of rivers through changes both in the boundary conditions and the thermal regime. The river bend has been reported as the common location for the initiation of ice jams because the water flow along a river bend is markedly affected by the channel curvature. In this article, the experimental studies about the ice accumulation in a river bend are reviewed. Based on experiments conducted so ...