Consumer Willingness to Pay for Local Designations: Brand Effects and Heterogeneity at the Retail Level

This study examines consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for packaged ice cream with local, private label, and national brands at the retail level. Data were collected through in-person surveys conducted at retail grocery outlets in Utah in 2012. Study results suggest that shoppers are willing to pay significantly more for the national and local brands over the retailer’s private label brand. In fact, the local brand with the state-sponsored designation (Utah’s Own) had a WTP equal to that of the national brand. The use of local designations or labels is important as shoppers were not willing to pay a premium for the local brands in absence of the locally produced or state-sponsored designation label. Additionally, consumer WTP for different brands and the degree of response to local designations varies substantially by consumer attributes. These differences suggest that locally designated products do not compete directly with private label products in the market. This study provides clear evidence of the value of state-sponsored designations, as well as locally produced labeling for food products marketed in a traditional retail setting.     

Development of the Great Lakes Ice-circulation Model (GLIM): Application to Lake Erie in 2003–2004

To simulate ice and water circulation in Lake Erie over a yearly cycle, a Great Lakes Ice-circulation Model (GLIM) was developed by applying a Coupled Ice-Ocean Model (CIOM) with a 2-km resolution grid. The hourly surface wind stress and thermodynamic forcings for input into the GLIM are derived from meteorological measurements interpolated onto the 2-km model grids. The seasonal cycles for ice concentration, thickness, velocity, and other variables are well reproduced in the 2003/04 ice season. Satellite measurements of ice cover were used to validate GLIM with a mean bias deviation (MBD) of 7.4%. The seasonal cycle for lake surface temperature is well reproduced in comparison to the satellite measurements with a MBD of 1.5%. Additional sensitivity experiments further confirm the important impacts of ice cover on lake water temperature and water level variations. Furthermore, a period including an extreme cooling (due to a cold air outbreak) and an extreme warming event in February 2004 was examined to test GLIM's response to rapidly-changing synoptic forcing.     

哈尔滨市重点小学交通状况分析及改善意见

在科技飞速发展,竞争日渐激烈的今天,孩子们之间的竞争也是如火如荼。家长们不惜一切代价为孩子选择一所好学校。这些重点小学本身处于城市的优良地段,车流量较大;很多家长使用私家车接送孩子使得交通情况更是雪上加霜。针对这种情况,本文从不同的角度出发,分别对交通管理部门,学校,家长等提出了一些改善意见,并对未来新建小学的选址问题提出建议。     

山野菜活体保鲜环境的多因素试验研究

文章阐明了山野菜冰温活体保鲜的原理及特性;给出了降低山野菜冰温点的方法并选择Vc、CaCl2和蔗糖作为冰点调节剂进行了试验研究,最后采用正交试验的方法确定了山野菜活体保鲜的温度、湿度和冰点调节剂等活体保鲜参数。试验结果可供专业人员参考。     

上海农业科技社会化服务机制构建初探

本文在借鉴国外发达地区农业科技社会化服务供给机制的基础上，考察分析了上海农业科技社会化服务现有供给机制，通过对上海农业科技需求的实地调查，发现需求拉动不足的问题，提出农业科技的实际效用是影响农业科技需求的关键，并建议改善现有服务供给机制，构建农业科技“需求拉动”机制，促进上海农业科技社会化服务在供求平衡中取得持续循环发展。     

A mechanistic model of woody debris jam evolution and its application to wood‐based restoration and management

The natural tendency of woody debris to accumulate into complex debris jams has been adapted by the restoration industry because of the morphological and ecological benefits of these structures. While much work has been done on woody debris, there is a lack of understanding of the dynamics of debris jams including the controls on their formation and the associated changes in hydraulics. Treatment of jams as static structures, whose hydraulics may be described by that of a single‐solid object, prevents optimal success of wood‐based restoration projects. This paper reviews the state of the science on the initiation and accumulation of wood forming a debris jam. This review is used to develop a conceptual model of the evolution of a single debris jam focussing on the relationship between the structure and hydraulics and the feedback that exists between them. The proposed mechanisms behind debris jam evolution are supported by a case‐study of three natural jams. Incorporation of this model into restoration and management plans will result in more successful and cost‐efficient projects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河内蒙河段凌汛期河床变化的特点及其带来的影响

黄河内蒙古河段沙质河床的变化是影响该河段凌洪灾害的因子之一。本次研究根据观测数据,统计分析了内蒙河段凌汛期的输沙特征,解释了这种特性产生的机理,并在此基础上探讨了河床变化及影响。结果表明:黄河内蒙河道凌汛期洪水具有较强的粗泥沙输移能力,这是由于低温水流具有高悬浮效率,同时冰的运动形成了特殊的水力学环境。大量粗泥沙的运动提高了开河期河床变化对洪水量级及形态的敏感程度,并使得横断面形态趋向宽浅。凌汛期过后三湖河口至头道拐河段河床明显冲刷,而巴彦高勒到三湖河口河段淤粗排细,直接导致河底抬高。因此凌汛期输沙特性带来的河床变化应在防凌减灾措施中给予充分的考虑。     

构建体育经济"小循环"——以长三角冰雪消费升级为例

从体育经济小循环与长三角冰雪消费升级的理论逻辑关系切入,在探究长三角的冰雪消费现状的基础上提出该区域冰雪消费升级的对策建议.研究发现,冰雪消费升级有利于拓展长三角经济空间、优化长三角产业结构,从供需两端改革可以促进长三角冰雪消费的升级,进而畅通长三角体育经济小循环.结合长三角冰雪消费市场存在的堵点,提出以内循环为主,推进供给侧结构性改革;区域分工与合作协同,扩大有效投融资;借高质量发展外力等对策.     

全球古气候变化研究

全球古气候研究是全球变化研究的重要组成部分,古气候研究为探索气候变化机制和预测未来气候变化提供全球变化的历史相似型和早期信号。     

大顶子山航电枢纽工程施工期冰凌问题分析

本文结合大顶子山航电枢纽工程施工导流方案．对流冰期可能出现的各种不利于施工的危害性冰情现象进行了分析．提出了排冰措施。