中国北方寒冷地区河冰灾害调查与分析

根据调查收集的北方寒冷地区的气象资料和河流的冰情资料,对这些地区的气温分布及主要河流冰情的发生、演变过程进行了统计与分析。描述了北方河冰灾害的几种主要形式,论述了目前国内外冰情研究的方法和成果,为我国已建和在建输水工程的安全运行提供参考。     

黄河口河道演变规律探讨

通过分析黄河口河道在纵剖面、横断面、河型等方面的演变过程,总结归纳出黄河口河道的演变规律。指出:黄河口泥沙在潮汐涨落等因素影响下,河口河道纵剖面逐渐形成台阶状,与此同时,河口滩地横比降逐渐发展为倒比降;河口河道中段由顺直型河道逐渐转为弯曲型河道,而下段仍为相对顺直、游荡型河道。当河口河道中段比降减小到一定程度后,此河段开始漫滩、卡冰、出汊。河口台阶的形成揭示了黄河口流路由单股河道逐渐转为出汊的过程,即黄河口流路由“青壮期”逐渐转为“衰亡期”的过程。延长黄河口流路使用年限的途径是:①尽量减少黄河下游输向黄河口的泥沙量;②采取河口挖沙或人工改汊措施,地点宜选在河口河道的中下段。     

万家寨水库凌汛期运用方式研究综述

黄河万家寨水库凌汛期运用方式研究，其目的是为了减轻万家寨水库运用对内蒙古头道拐以下河段、坝下河曲河段和天桥水电站防凌的影响，并在保证防凌安全的前提下统筹防凌与发电的关系。该项目就水库蓄水对上下游河段防凌的影响及库区冰塞和冰坝壅水等进行了系统研究，提出了凌期不同阶段的水库防凌调度模型和调度方案。经实际验证，方法可行，精度较高，受到专家们的高度评价。     

冰期河湖与大气的热交换模型

河湖与大气的热交换模型是计算分析冰凌形成、发展、消融时空变化规律的基础.基于现有太阳辐射、长波辐射、蒸发和对流模型研究成果,以现场冰情要素观测及历史天气资料为依据,建立了适用于冰期计算分析的河湖与大气的热交换非线性模型.提出了考虑晴天散射的太阳辐射计算模型,以Iziomon公式计算大气长波逆辐射,以俄罗斯冬季公式计算蒸...     

少资料条件河渠冬季冰情过程模拟研究

针对天然河道开展冰情过程数值模拟普遍存在的河道断面资料、水文和气象资料缺少的难题,本研究提出了时均气温和时均太阳辐射计算方法和支流流量的动态分配方法,即根据实测日最大气温、日最小气温和日净太阳辐射率定出关键影响参数,模拟出给定气象站的时均气温和时均太阳辐射的变化过程;通过上游流量向下游传播过程的特征分析,推演出缺少支流...     

干冰去污在核电站换料相关设施中应用方案的初步研究

干冰技术的去污效率高、基材损伤小、二次废物量少,在核设施的去污实践中越来越多的受到重视。由于核电站反应堆换料系统的去污比较常见,通过对反应堆换料水池、乏燃料贮存运输容器的去污需求分析,设计一套干冰去污装置,实现对核设施的有效去污,满足人员操作和设备运输的要求;其去污过程和最终二次废物产量也遵循了废物最小化的原则,且环保高效,是未来放射性去污的重要发展方向。     

Raising the Reliability of Overhead Transmission Lines under the Action of Atmospheric Loads

Problems of reliability of overhead transmission lines (OTL) under the action of atmospheric loads are considered. It is assumed that the integral distribution function of, for example, ice loads, obtained from data of weather stations is a random statistical function that characterizes the frequency of an event (specific ice load) at a point (weather station area). The general population of statistical data is the most reliable base for analysis. Since the atmospheric loads are distributed in space and act on spatially distributed OTL systems, it is recommended to evaluate the proof load and the yearly reliability of OTL in terms of one integral statistical function composed of annual load maxima measured by weather stations located closest to the annual extremum of the ice load on a territory possessing common features (flat-bottom land, low land, elevation) that range within no more than 150 m with respect to the altitude. It is suggested that the Methodological Recommendations on Zoning of Atmospheric Loads on OTL Systems should be updated with allowance for the obtained data.     

探地雷达在冬季冰下水深探测中的应用研究

本文从理论上分析了探地雷达用于冰下水深探测的基本原理。介绍了采用该项技术对辽河福德店段的探测过程。通过对采集数据处理和图像解释分析,得到河道断面连续水深值,并进行钻取冰眼测量验证,证明探测结果是可靠的。     

A numerical tool to predict ice growth in lakes

Oil and gas exploration activities on the North of Slope of Alaska rely on ice roads to provide access to the exploration sites, with negligible effects on the tundra. The construction of ice roads requires a large volume of water which, in turn, poses challenges to water resource managers. A tool capable of predicting ice thickness in a given lake could certainly benefit the oil industry. This study focuses on the development and use of such a predictive tool. Using a simplified Stefan equation, the tool is based on a combination of three weather scenarios (warm, average and cold winters), current winter condition and ice thickness measurements. It was applied to four lakes located on the Arctic Coastal Plain and one lake in the foothill area. The study results indicate the model predictions are relatively accurate (7% average percentage error) for monthly time spans. The study results also reveal a temporal variation in a coefficient used in the calculations, although previous literature utilized a constant coefficient to estimate the ice thickness.     

黄河源区河道冰凌特征变化及影响因素分析

黄河流域是我国凌汛灾害常发的地区,其中黄河源区是黄河上游凌情研究的空白区。为掌握该区域的凌情规律,对黄河沿-唐乃亥河段黄河沿、吉迈、玛曲3个常封断面的气象资料(1960-1987,2007-2011)和水文资料(1960-1987,2007-2011)进行研究,分析3个站的封河、开河日期以及冬季最大冰厚的变化规律,得出黄河源区封河从黄河沿附近开始向下游延伸,封河日期和开河日期均有推迟趋势,但总封冻天数在减少,冬季最大冰厚则各站趋势不同。通过对冬季气温、流量等因素进行分析,得出冬季累计负气温和冬季平均流量对于凌情主要特征的影响十分显著,可以作为预报因子进行进一步的研究。