A numerical tool to predict ice growth in lakes

Oil and gas exploration activities on the North of Slope of Alaska rely on ice roads to provide access to the exploration sites, with negligible effects on the tundra. The construction of ice roads requires a large volume of water which, in turn, poses challenges to water resource managers. A tool capable of predicting ice thickness in a given lake could certainly benefit the oil industry. This study focuses on the development and use of such a predictive tool. Using a simplified Stefan equation, the tool is based on a combination of three weather scenarios (warm, average and cold winters), current winter condition and ice thickness measurements. It was applied to four lakes located on the Arctic Coastal Plain and one lake in the foothill area. The study results indicate the model predictions are relatively accurate (7% average percentage error) for monthly time spans. The study results also reveal a temporal variation in a coefficient used in the calculations, although previous literature utilized a constant coefficient to estimate the ice thickness.     

黄河源区河道冰凌特征变化及影响因素分析

黄河流域是我国凌汛灾害常发的地区,其中黄河源区是黄河上游凌情研究的空白区。为掌握该区域的凌情规律,对黄河沿-唐乃亥河段黄河沿、吉迈、玛曲3个常封断面的气象资料(1960-1987,2007-2011)和水文资料(1960-1987,2007-2011)进行研究,分析3个站的封河、开河日期以及冬季最大冰厚的变化规律,得出黄河源区封河从黄河沿附近开始向下游延伸,封河日期和开河日期均有推迟趋势,但总封冻天数在减少,冬季最大冰厚则各站趋势不同。通过对冬季气温、流量等因素进行分析,得出冬季累计负气温和冬季平均流量对于凌情主要特征的影响十分显著,可以作为预报因子进行进一步的研究。     

Comprehensive two-dimensional river ice model based on boundary-fitted coordinate transformation method简

River ice is a natural phenomenon in cold regions, influenced by meteorology, geomorphology, and hydraulic conditions. River ice processes involve complex interactions between hydrodynamic, mechanical, and thermal processes, and they are also influenced by weather and hydrologic conditions. Because natural rivers are serpentine, with bends, narrows, and straight reaches, the commonly-used one-dimensional river ice models and two-dimensional models based on the rectangular Cartesian coordinates are incapable of simulating the physical phenomena accurately. In order to accurately simulate the complicated river geometry and overcome the difficulties of numerical simulation resulting from both complex boundaries and differences between length and width scales, a two-dimensional river ice numerical model based on a boundary-fitted coordinate transformation method was developed. The presented model considers the influence of the frazil ice accumulation under ice cover and the shape of the leading edge of ice cover during the freezing process. The model is capable of determining the velocity field, the distribution of water temperature, the concentration distribution of frazil ice, the transport of floating ice, the progression, stability, and thawing of ice cover, and the transport, accumulation, and erosion of ice under ice cover. A MacCormack scheme was used to solve the equations numerically. The model was validated with field observations from the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River. Comparison of simulation results with field data indicates that the model is capable of simulating the river ice process with high accuracy.     

冰灾后对电力设施的分析和思考

2008年冰雪灾害造成广西电力设施大面积损坏,分析其原因,指出供输电线路重冰区导线局部应力大于导线瞬时破坏应力,是造成大范围断线倒杆的原因。以实例简介了供电线路大电流融冰技术。通过灾后反思,提出了重新建立和完善分层次电网、分层次电源、国防后备电源的建议。     

湖南电网2008年冰灾事故分析

详细介绍了2008年湖南电网冰灾过程。对冰灾中的变电设备和输电设备的损失进行了统计分析;同时分析了线路倒塔原因和输变电设备闪络原因;最后，提出了优化电网结构，建设战略性保障通道，提高电网防冰闪能力，依靠科技进步提高防冰灾能力等建议。     

水口水电站低温混凝土测温成果统计分析

通过对水口水电站大坝低温混凝土现场测温结果的统计分析，阐述夏季混凝土浇筑时的温度控制与实施情况，进而寻求动态、定量控制浇筑温度的途径。     

Power losses in electrical networks depending on weather conditions

Specific power losses to corona and to leakage currents over overhead insulators are presented for 110 – 750-kV transmission lines with different phase design and pole types for different weather conditions. Consumption of electric energy for ice melting on conductors of various cross sections is evaluated. Meteorological data of 1372 weather stations in Russia are processed for a period of 10 years. The territory of the country is divided into 7 regions with approximately homogeneous weather conditions. Specific power losses to corona and leakage currents over overhead insulators are presented for every region.Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2004, pp. 42 – 48.     

合理预留刘家峡水库防凌库容提高黄河上游梯级电站保证电量

黄河上游龙、刘、盐、八、青梯级电站总装机容量３２４．４万ｋＷ，占西北电网总装机的３０％左右，是西北的骨干电源，但在每年１１月至次年３月份黄河宁，蒙河段防凌期间，由于刘家峡水库出库流量受到严格限制，使该梯级电站发电量大幅度降低，而本段时间正是西北电网用电高峰期，因此供需矛盾加剧，缓解这一矛盾的的一个可行办法就是本时段初刘家峡水库预留一定库容，以利龙羊峡水库在防凌时段内加大出库流量，增发电量。     

红旗泡水库冰面裂缝图像信息提取和初步分析

利用2008~2009年冬季在大庆红旗泡水库获取的138幅冰裂缝数码照片进行图像分析。比较了Image-Pro Plus方法和ACD See和Photoshop联合方法在冰裂缝分析中的优缺点。结果表明运用Image-Pro Plus方法可以自动化处理,但该方法在图片裂缝处理的结果很不精确,只能用于粗略估算。ACD See和Photoshop联合方法处理的结果相对于前一种方法精确,但其操作复杂,与前一种方法相比处理速度较慢。此外运用分形理论,对冰面裂缝进行分析处理,得到分形维数在1.2~1.7之间,冰裂缝分形维数和冰裂缝密度之间有很好的相关性;而冰裂缝角度无论是主要裂缝还是次要裂缝,都具有自相似性,表明冰面裂缝的产生机理相同。     

双桥墩条件下冰塞发展临界条件试验初步研究

河流中的桥墩改变了附近原有的水流特征,冬季可能对其附近冰塞的形成和演变产生影响。基于水槽模型试验,通过改变墩心距、墩径、墩形、冰水流量比和水流弗劳德数,分析了双桥墩条件下冰塞发展通过桥墩的临界条件。试验表明：冰塞能否发展通过桥墩所在断面存在临界弗劳德数,其值受墩心距、墩径、墩形和冰水流量比等因素控制,随着墩心距的减小或冰水流量比、墩径的增大,冰塞发展通过桥墩所在断面难度增大,方形墩相较于圆柱形墩难度增大;试验范围内,随着墩心距的减小,桥墩所处河道断面输冰能力增强,初始冰塞厚度增加,但冰塞平衡厚度减小。