重力坝深层抗滑稳定设计初探

针对某水库重力坝坝基地层倾角平缓(8°~15°),基岩为薄层状结构,坝基深层抗滑设计是工程关键技术,在利用抗剪断强度理论进行坝基抗滑稳定计算的基础上,通过分析比较常见的坝基基础处理措施,最终确定重力坝坝基采用坝趾处设置混凝土深齿墙措施,可同时提高坝基浅层及深层抗滑稳定安全系数。     

中国水资源空间均衡评价与空间关联性分析

为科学认知中国水资源空间均衡现状和空间分布特征,在对水资源空间均衡内涵进行解析的基础上,构建了水资源空间均衡评价指标体系,以中国333个地级行政区和4个直辖市为研究对象,对全国各地区水资源空间均衡状态进行了评价和空间关联性分析。结果表明:各省级行政区空间均衡状态存在空间差异大的特点,全国31个省级行政区(不包括港澳台)有17个处于空间不均衡状态,主要分布于东三省、华北平原、河西走廊、华南部分地区和新疆南部;各研究单元空间均衡状态存在一定的聚集性,主要表现为高值聚集和低值聚集两种形态,也散布有小范围的低高聚集、高低聚集形态。     

水库群优化调度中的结构分析方法研究进展

在我国水库群规模日益庞大、功能结构日益复杂化的背景下,结构分析方法在水库群优化调度模型求解中占据越来越重要的地位。为全面梳理不同结构分析方法的适用性和优劣性,以及为复杂结构水库群优化调度提供高效的结构分析方法,基于水库群优化调度60余年来的研究成果,分别阐述了顺序模拟法、蓄供水判别式法、效用均衡理论法、聚合-分解法和水力关联矩阵法5种结构分析方法的研究进展。顺序模拟法逻辑直观、普适性强,蓄供水判别式法能够对发电调度中水库群的蓄供水次序快速排序,以上2种方法均适宜于串联结构水库群结构分析;效用均衡理论基于微观经济学厂商均衡理论对水库群调度方式进行优化,理论基础坚实,适用于水力关系较为独立的并联水库群;聚合-分解法包含水库群联合调度图和大系统分解协调2种形式,可与其他串并联结构分析方法联合使用,适用于大规模混联结构水库群;水力关联矩阵法则采用矩阵形式描述水库群内部两两之间关系,不受水库群结构组合的限制,因此适用于任何结构水库群。结构分析方法对于优化高效求解水库群优化调度问题至关重要,但也需要与其他环节配合才能实现,建议未来在径流预报信息利用、优化调度统计模型与物理背景耦合及混联水库群精细化调度等方向开展进一步研究。     

广州市用水结构空间均衡差异性分析

以空间均衡治水方针为指导思想,采用基于洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数的方法,对广州市用水结构整体趋势及均衡差异性进行了分析。结果表明:广州市用水结构空间分配不够均衡,大部分区域已超过设定的警戒线标准;农业用水空间分配差距较大,主要集中于从化、花都、增城区等市内非核心区;工业用水结构虽然整体分布较均衡,但黄埔区与其余区域存在巨大差异,区位熵是其他区域工业平均区位熵的3倍;居民生活、城镇公共、生态环境用水结构空间分配差距悬殊,表现为向天河、越秀、荔湾等市内核心区域集中,且用水量保持逐年增加的趋势,这在一定程度上加剧了区域差异性;各类用水结构差异性虽已得到有效控制,空间均衡性处于平稳阶段,但仍未达到"空间均衡"治水目标,应进一步强化用水监督管理,实现用水结构合理布局和水资源的优化配置。     

边坡筋锚三维网柔性防护结构的稳定性分析

针对降雨时边坡筋锚三维网柔性防护结构可能沿坡面滑动失稳的问题,基于极限平衡理论,考虑雨水击溅和坡面水流冲刷作用,建立了降雨条件下边坡筋锚三维网柔性防护结构的稳定性分析模型,并进行了实例分析,探讨了边坡倾角、降雨强度、防护结构层厚度、锚钉间距、锚钉锚固长度对防护结构稳定性的影响。结果表明:与无降雨相比,降雨条件下边坡筋锚三维网柔性防护结构受到的下滑力增大,抗滑力减小,防护结构的稳定性明显降低;在相同的防护结构设计参数下,防护结构的稳定性随边坡倾角增加而减小,当坡面形成径流后,降雨强度对防护结构稳定性的影响比较小;在相同的边坡条件下,防护结构的稳定性系数随锚钉间距、结构层厚度的增大而减小,随锚钉锚固长度的增加而增大;锚钉间距和锚固长度对防护结构稳定性的影响最显著,锚钉间距可通过建立的模型合理确定,锚固长度不宜小于0.5 m。     

基于增量动力分析的重力坝抗震性能评估

基于增量动力分析法(IDA),采用塑性耗能与总变形能的比值作为结构性能指标,提出了重力坝抗震性能评价的三级震害划分和两个极限状态下的失效性划分的建议,做出IDA曲线,并结合分位数分析和易损性分析对重力坝抗震性能进行评估。以邯郸京娘湖重力坝为例,进行一系列的非线性分析,结果表明:分位数分析的IDA曲线中每个极限状态的峰值地面加速度PGA均大于设计地震的峰值地面加速度,满足该重力坝的功能保障性水平和安全保证性水平。易损性分析下,1.5倍设计地震作用时65.92%的概率处于正常使用阶段,100%可以保证安全。结果表明该重力坝具有良好的抗震性能。该项研究结果为重力坝抗震性能设计和安全风险评估提供了新思路。     

Optimal Environmental Policy Differentials in Open Economies under Emissions Constraints

Is there a case for preferential treatment of the exposed sector in an economy when compliance to an aggregate emissions constraint induced by an international environmental agreement is mandatory? This question is being debated in many countries in the context of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. We address the issue in a general equilibrium framework and theoretically cover several market structures, including perfect competition, the large country case and oligopoly. We identify the conditions under which preferential treatment of the exposed sector is not warranted from the point of view of maximizing social welfare. In addition, we demonstrate that in the case of oligopoly, instituting a more stringent environmental policy on the exposed sector might be profit-enhancing for this sector. This finding lends theoretical support to a specific interpretation of the Porter hypothesis.     

General equilibrium impact of an energy-saving policy in the public sector

We analyse a disregarded environmental policy instrument: a switch in government expenditure away from energy (or other natural resources) and toward a composite good which includes energy-saving expenditure. We first develop two variants of an analytical general equilibrium model. A composite good is produced with constant returns to scale, and energy is imported or produced domestically with diminishing returns, yielding a differential rent to its owners. The government purchases energy and composite goods from private firms. Such a policy unambiguously increases employment. It also raises private consumption and welfare under two conditions: (i) it is not too costly and (ii) the initial share of the resource is smaller in public spending than in private consumption, or the difference is small enough. We then run numerically a model featuring both importation and domestic production of energy (oil, gas and electricity), for the OECD as a whole. Simulations show that employment, welfare and private consumption rise. We provide magnitudes for different parameter values. Earlier versions of this paper have benefited from conference participants at the European Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, International Society for Ecological Economics World Congress, CIRED seminar and EUREQua environmental economics seminar. We especially thank Michèle Sadoun and two anonymous referees. The usual disclaimer applies.     

Carbon Taxes and Joint Implementation. An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis for Germany and India

Germany has committed itself toreducing its carbon emissions by 25 percent in2005 as compared to 1990 emission levels. Toachieve this goal, the government has recentlylaunched an environmental tax reform whichentails a continuous increase in energy taxesin conjunction with a revenue-neutral cut innon-wage labor costs. This policy is supposedto yield a double dividend, reducing both, theproblem of global warming and high unemploymentrates. In addition to domestic actions,international treaties on climate protectionallow for the supplementary use of flexibleinstruments to exploit cheaper emissionreduction possibilities elsewhere. One concreteoption for Germany would be to enter jointimplementation (JI) with developing countriessuch as India where Germany pays emissionreduction abroad rather than meeting itsreduction target solely by domestic action. Inthis paper, we investigate whether anenvironmental tax reform cum JI providesemployment and overall efficiency gains ascompared to an environmental tax reformstand-alone. We address this question in theframework of a large-scale general equilibriummodel for Germany and India where Germany mayundertake JI with the Indian electricitysector. Our main finding is that JI offsetslargely the adverse effects of carbon emissionconstraints on the German economy. JIsignificantly lowers the level of carbon taxesand thus reduces the total costs of abatementas well as negative effects on labor demand. Inaddition, JI triggers direct investment demandfor energy efficient power plants produced inGermany. This provides positive employmenteffects and additional income for Germany. ForIndia, joint implementation equips itselectricity industry with scarce capital goodsleading to a more efficient power productionwith lower electricity prices for the economyand substantial welfare gains.     

Overlapping Generations or Infinitely-Lived Agents: Intergenerational Altruism and the Economics of Global Warming

Do we need an overlapping generations model for the economics of global warming? To answer this question, an infinitely-lived agent (ILA) approach and an overlapping generations (OLG) model are contrasted. ILA and OLG can be viewed as polar representations of intergenerational altruism. With ILA an immortal agent acts through his investment/savings decisions as trustee on the behalf of the future generations. With OLG, agents need not behave altruistic. They simply save during working years and dissave completely during retirement. Nevertheless, ILA and OLG must not differ in their implication for greenhouse policy. Greenhouse gas abatement is a straightforward alternative to physical capital formation and, even without altruism, each age cohort has an incentive to provide current abatement in order to reduce future damages attributable to climate change. Indeed, under reasonable assumptions and parameter values, our simulations reveal such an invariance result. Provided carbon taxes are the only policy tool and tax revenues are recycled through socially mandated rules, projections of economic growth, climate change and energy consumption are only insignificantly affected by the choice of approach.