两种产权保护度下软件价格决定的博弈分析

软件产权交易契约的环境和条件发生变化,导致交易者在交易中采取不同的价格博弈策略。在"完全"产权保护下,厂商从保护地盘和获取长期垄断利润的需要出发采取阻止竞争者进入的"满意"价格策略;在"中度"产权保护下,厂商和消费者在双方都没有绝对的交易控制力的条件下采取"混合"价格策略。企业和消费者对软件价格的博弈与用户基础、事后支持服务、网络外部性等"非供求因素"紧密关联,体现出一种多重垄断、竞争和策略的均衡。     

基于组态视角的物流竞争力提升路径研究

基于基础-企业-市场(groudings-enterprises-markets, GEM)模型和复杂系统理论,采用模糊集定性比较分析法,从组态视角出发,对31个省份(因数据缺失,不包括港澳台地区)物流竞争力提升路径进行实证分析。研究发现,主体、资源、环境、需求、技术、创新6个要素对物流竞争力都存在一定的影响,但是单个要素并不是强物流竞争力的必要条件;存在环境-需求-技术-创新驱动型、全面均衡综合驱动型以及资源-环境-技术驱动型3条等效路径;各地应根据资源禀赋情况,选择差异化提升路径。     

Pollution control and multinational firms

This paper analyzes how pollution control in the recipient developing country affects the flow of multinational capital owned by multinational firms in the source developed country. We find that when pollution control in a developing country becomes stricter, then the amount of multinational capital flowing into the developing country will certainly or conditionally decrease. Through further welfare analysis, we hope to provide some policy suggestions that will allow the government to guarantee the welfare of the labor force while it implements stricter pollution control.     

现收现付制与基金制的养老保险制度成本比较——基于养老保险收支平衡数理模型

养老保险的制度成本是指提供一定的养老金给付所需要的缴费和管理费用。若不考虑管理费用,养老保险的制度成本就是缴费水平。本文不考虑养老保险的管理费用,运用养老保险收支平衡数理模型,来比较分析现收现付制与基金制的养老保险制度成本。     

Firms' investments in general training and the skilled labour market

An adverse selection model is analysed, where firms can train or hire a skilled worker. In equilibrium, the market wage is determined by supply and demand. The quality of the supplied skilled labour is negatively biased, because workers stem from firms that shut down and from firms that observed their trainee's bad quality during the training. If fewer firms were to shut down, then the supplied average quality deteriorates and the incentive to train increases. The incentive is inefficient, because firms must share the informational rent and they free-ride. Ex ante workers may wish to increase the firms' bargaining power.     

均衡选址方法研究

本文首次利用聚类分析将给定地区的消费者的空间分布表示成一个加权层次聚类图,为选址研究开辟了一条新途径.在此基础上,通过分析垄断企业和消费者的行为,提出了如何求解垄断企业提供的均衡的多个设施所在的区域及设施数目的新方法.文章认为,均衡的设施数目不仅受企业要保证的设施覆盖率的影响,而且也受消费者愿意行走的最大距离的限制.当设施覆盖率不变时,随着消费者愿意行走的最大距离的增加,设施数目减少,覆盖率不会减少,常会增加;当消费者愿意行走的最大距离不变时,随着设施覆盖率的降低,设施数目不会减少,常会增加.覆盖率和最大距离的增加,有助于减少均衡的设施数目.     

Computing welfare losses from data under imperfect competition with heterogeneous goods

We study the percentage of welfare losses (PWL) yielded by imperfect competition under product differentiation. When demand is linear, even if prices, outputs, costs and the number of firms can be observed, PWL is arbitrary in both Cournot and Bertrand equilibria. If in addition the elasticity of demand (resp. cross elasticity of demand) is known, we can calculate PWL in a Cournot (resp. Bertrand) equilibrium. When demand is isoelastic and there are many firms, PWL can be computed from prices, outputs, costs and the number of firms. We find that price–marginal cost margins and demand elasticities may influence PWL in a counterintuitive way. We also provide conditions under which PWL increases or decreases with concentration.     

Assessing the Equilibrium Exchange Rate of the Malaysian Ringgit: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches

Drawing on the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate and the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate approaches, this paper assesses the equilibrium value of the real effective exchange rate of the Malaysian ringgit over the past 25 years. For 2005, when the Malaysian authorities exited from the peg with the US dollar, both models determine a slight undervaluation of the currency. Openness and real GDP per capita have been the main drivers of real exchange rate movements in the past, although non-tradable productivity, government consumption, and net foreign assets have also had a sizable impact. The paper also highlights the limitations of applying the two approaches in the context of emerging countries.     

Risk aversion and the elasticity of substitution in general dynamic portfolio theory: Consistent planning by forward looking, expected utility maximizing investors

Using the measure of risk aversion suggested by Kihlstrom and Mirman [Kihlstrom, R., Mirman, L., 1974. Risk aversion with many commodities. Journal of Economic Theory 8, 361–388; Kihlstrom, R., Mirman, L., 1981. Constant, increasing and decreasing risk aversion with many commodities. Review of Economic Studies 48, 271–280], we propose a dynamic consumption-savings–portfolio choice model in which the consumer-investor maximizes the expected value of a non-additively separable utility function of current and future consumption. Preferences for consumption streams are CES and the elasticity of substitution can be chosen independently of the risk aversion measure. The additively separable case is a special case. Because choices are not dynamically consistent, we follow the “consistent planning” approach of Strotz [Strotz, R., 1956. Myopia and inconsistency in dynamic utility maximization. Review of Economic Studies 23, 165–180] and also interpret our analysis from the game theoretic perspective taken by Peleg and Yaari [Peleg, B., Yaari, M., 1973. On the existence of a consistent course of action when tastes are changing. Review of Economic Studies 40, 391–401]. The equilibrium of the Lucas asset pricing model with i.i.d. consumption growth is obtained and the equity premium is shown to depend on the elasticity of substitution as well as the risk aversion measure. The nature of the dependence is examined. Our results are contrasted with those of the non-expected utility recursive approach of Epstein–Zin and Weil.     

引海水冲刷黄河下游河槽平衡比降试验研究

引海水冲刷黄河河口段河槽是解决黄河下游泥沙淤积的一种新思路，为确定引用海水的流量大小和冲刷的时机及历时，经长水槽概化动床模型试验。分别得出了注入点下游沿程冲刷过程。平衡比降以及注入点上游溯源冲刷的过程和平衡比降。得出了计算两种平衡比降的经验公式，并用中国水科院试验的成果进行了验证。这些成果补充了黄河大流量低含沙量条件下的河道平衡比降计算方法，为引流水冲刷方案的确定提供了依据。