丹江口坝区扩建工程水土保持建设与效果分析

南水北调中线丹江口水库大坝加高工程坝区建设项目占地较多,包括永久征地、临时占地、租赁占地等,项目施工将直接破坏地表,造成水土流失。为防止工程建设造成严重的水土流失,项目业主单位成立了以总经理为第一责任人的领导机构和专门负责水土保持工程建设与管理的机构,并制定了专门的管理办法。在各参建单位的共同努力下,通过采取一系列的工程措施、植物措施与临时措施,取得了良好的水土保持效果,工程建设区的水土流失控制在国家标准的轻度流失范围内。     

泵系统不同出流方式下的 水锤计算分析

泵系统自由出流时,在水力过渡过程中出口断面测压管水位与淹没出流时出口断面测压管水位基本不变的情形有所不同。将泵系统出口段作为一种特殊水力元件,应用特征线法计算泵系统自由出流下的水力过渡过程。对同一泵系统,通过事故停泵工况水锤计算可知,与淹没出流相比,自由出流方式可以增大管段水流压强,对水锤防护有利。泵系统自由出流下不需安装拍门或真空破坏阀断流设施,而自由出流比淹没出流多浪费一部分能量。当泵站出水池水位变幅较小、年运行时间较短时,从水锤防护和泵站维护方面看来,自由出流方式则是一种较优的运行方案。     

FACTORS INFLUENCING BENDING RIGIDITY OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION

The bending rigidity of submerged vegetation is closely related with vegetative drag force. This work aims at determining the effects of flow conditions and characteristics of vegetation on the bending rigidity of submerged vegetation. Based on the dimensional analysis method, the factors influencing the bending rigidity of individual submerged vegetation were analyzed. The relationship between the relative bending rigidity and its influencing factors was investigated by experimental observation, and a rela...     

Spectral‐ALS data fusion for different roughness parameterizations of forested floodplains

Natural river floodplains and adjacent wetlands grow typically a diverse and heterogeneous combination of herbs, shrubs and trees, which play an essential role in determining the total flow resistance. Hydrodynamic effects of trees in forested floodplains can provide the majority of flow resistance during flood events. Nevertheless, ground‐based techniques to acquire vegetation parameters are expensive and difficult to apply over long reaches. This paper presents a novel method of automated roughness parameterization of riparian woody vegetation by fusion of Quickbird multi‐spectral image with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The data fusion approach includes: individual tree detection and estimation of vegetation metrics from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, assessment of predictive models for the vegetation parameters and spatial mapping of the vegetation parameters for the forest plants in the riparian corridor. The proposed method focuses on estimation of plant density (d), crown diameters (D_C), tree height (h), stem diameter (D_S), crown base height (cbh) and leaf area index (LAI). The procedure is tested along a 14‐km reach of the Sieve River (Tuscany, Italy) characterized by high woody plant density. Due to the complex study area, the data fusion approach explains with variable reliability the local vegetation properties (R²(D_C) = 0.14, R²(h) = 0.84, R²(D_S) = 0.25, R²(cbh) = 0.66). The generated structural parameter maps represent spatially explicit data layers that can be used as inputs to hydrodynamic models used to analyse flow resistance effects in different submergence conditions of vegetation. A simple flow resistance model was applied over a test area comparing the results of the proposed method and a traditional ground‐based approach. The modelling results showed that the new method is able to provide accurate output data to describe the interaction between water levels and bio‐mechanical characteristics of vegetation. The proposed methodology provides a fast, repeatable and accurate way of obtaining floodplain roughness, which enables regular updating of vegetation characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

商业保险对居民消费影响研究——基于中国省级面板数据的经验证据

当前中国经济社会处于快速转型期,伴随着改革进程的不确定性风险日趋凸显,成为制约居民消费进一步扩张的重要因素。本文采用2003~2017年中国省级面板数据,考察了商业保险对居民消费行为的影响效应及其作用机制。研究发现,以商业保险密度和保险强度为表征的商业保险发展对居民消费有着显著正向影响,相较于农村居民消费,商业保险对城镇居民呈现更强的消费效应,同时财产保险消费效应明显高于人身保险对居民消费影响,进一步地,中介效应检验发现,不确定性缓解可能是商业保险影响居民消费的一个重要机制。基于此,本文认为,构筑完善的商业保险服务体系对于启动居民消费具有重要意义。     

调水工程输水渠道堰闸流量计算方法探讨

调水工程输水渠道堰闸流量计算方法的准确性是运行调度数字化、信息化的关键水力条件。传统的堰闸流量计算方法是先进行孔流、堰流判别,再根据相应的经验公式进行计算,其孔、堰流判断条件为闸门的相对开度e/H。经试验研究及理论分析论证认为:传统计算公式中以e/H=0.65作为宽顶堰孔流与堰流的判断条件,仅适用于自由出流状态。调水工程输水渠道堰闸工程正常运行条件一般为大淹没孔流,传统方法计算流量误差较大。通过系列模型试验数据的拟合,提出了特定条件下调水工程堰闸流量计算方法。     

Modeling and analysis of effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in Jinsha River Basin

This paper focuses on the effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in the Jinsha River Basin. Results of regression analysis were taken as input variables to investigate the applicability of the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulating annual runoff and sediment yield. Correlation analysis indicates that runoff and sediment yield are positively correlated with the precipitation indices, while negatively correlated with the vegetation indices. Furthermore, the results of stepwise regression show that annual precipitation is the most important factor influencing the variation of runoff, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of runoff are 69.8% and 17.3%, respectively. For sediment yield, rainfall erosivity is the most important factor, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of sediment yield are 49.3% and 24.2%, respectively. The ANFIS model is of high precision in runoff forecasting, with a relative error of less than 5%, but of poor precision in sediment yield forecasting, indicating that precipitation and vegetation coverage can explain only part of the variation of sediment yield, and that other impact factors, such as human activities, should be sufficiently considered as well.     

POTENTIAL FOR VEGETATION‐BASED RIVER MANAGEMENT IN DRYLAND,SALINE CATCHMENTS

The approaches used to manage rivers have been developed and adapted to many different problems and settings. Because of their relatively low cost, vegetation‐based approaches implemented at the reach, landholder and catchment scales have become the foundation for river management in most landscapes. In many dryland agricultural catchments, secondary (anthropogenic) salinity caused by clearing native vegetation has resulted in rising saline groundwater, streamflow salinity values that exceed seawater and severe the degradation of riparian vegetation communities. The potential effectiveness of vegetation‐based strategies in these landscapes remains largely unknown, yet these strategies are still widely pursued. This study initially investigated the patterns of vegetation recovery and recolonization following a large flood in a saline river that disturbed the system. A conceptual model was developed to describe spatial patterns of where different vegetation types had regrown and recovered in relation to controls exerted by streamflow salinity, surface texture characteristics, topography and reach morphology. Using this model, vegetation‐based river management options for different reaches were developed, and their potential effectiveness in stabilizing reaches was investigated using a 1‐D hydraulic modelling approach. This study finds that in a dryland catchment with high stream salinity (20 000–93 000 mg L^?1), there is still a strong potential for successful vegetation‐based management, but only in selected reaches. Results showed that changes in stream power and channel velocity were not associated with the areas of most severe vegetation degradation. Rather, there is a complex interplay between channel morphology, channel slope and places of potential vegetation growth within a reach. This paper outlines an approach to evaluate the potential success of vegetation‐based river management in saline landscapes. It identifies the need to prioritize investment based on the following: an understanding of factors controlling revegetation potential, the likely impact of revegetation in mitigating adverse channel changes and the proximity of reaches to high‐value infrastructure and biodiversity assets. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

影响岩质路堑边坡表层土稳定性因素的敏感度分析

针对渝怀铁路鱼嘴车站岩质路堑植被边坡,采用直剪切试验获得边坡表层绿色防护层的物理力学参数。在此基础上,选取5个影响边坡表层土稳定性的因素(坡度、土层厚度、重度、粘聚力、内摩擦角),采用数学及数理统计的方法进行敏感度分析,得出各影响因素的敏感度顺序为内摩擦角>坡度>重度>土层厚度>粘聚力,分析表明绿色防护层的内摩擦角是控制其稳定性的主控因素。     

基于温度植被干旱指数的黄河源区土壤表层含水量反演

为了对黄河源区的土壤表层含水量进行反演与时空分析,利用黄河源区2006年第65—321天MODIS温度和植被指数产品数据,计算了温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),构建了不同像元尺度窗口的LST/NDVI斜率与实测表层土壤相对含水量之间的线性关系,比较了不同尺度像元窗口的拟合效果。分析结果表明:9×9像元窗口的拟合效果(回归系数R2为0.65)优于其他像元窗口尺度;季节尺度的拟合精度(回归系数R2为0.76)优于长时间序列的拟合精度;夏季模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.09,模拟精度满足实验要求,可用于黄河源区短时间序列的土壤表层含水量反演。