建筑内部给水管网设计秒流量计算常见问题分析及改进方法

设计秒流量的计算是管网水力计算的基础,是确定各管段管径、计算管道水头损失,进而确定给水系统所需压力的主要依据.选择正确的设计秒流量计算方法至关重要.例举建筑给水工程中设计秒流量计算出现的常见问题,并将Excel计算表格加以完善,形成第二类建筑的通用计算表格.     

续灌、轮灌渠道设计流量计算方法探讨

灌区节水改造项目主要是为了解决缺水地区水有效利用率偏低的问题,通过采取渠道防渗、防冲刷措施,有效减少渗漏,提高水利用系数,使得有限的水资源发挥更大的作用。灌区节水改造项目的关键是要正确分析灌区情况,确定灌溉方式,准确论证计算渠道的设计流量。本文通过对续灌、轮灌等不同的灌溉方式以及对灌溉过程中不同的灌溉要求展开论述,为解...     

辽宁省闹德海水库出库水沙关系研究

闹德海水库汛期排沙与防洪和兴利蓄水矛盾十分突出,研究该水库汛期排沙与汛期水位的联合控制,应首先深入研究该水库的出库水沙关系。本文通过不同情景下的出库水沙关系分析,得到实用性较强的出库水沙关系方案,为未来该水库的汛期水沙联合调度奠定基础,同时为国内同类问题的解决提供新思路。     

李官堡水源地地下水流场数值模拟及预测

随着工业规模的发展,各城市都面临着地下水资源如何科学利用的难题,北方缺水城市沈阳李官堡水源地就面临着新增工业造成的用水压力,如何对该水源地的水资源进行科学评价是合理取用水的前提。在对模拟区范围、边界条件和孔隙水介质进行概化和对水文地质参数及其他参数确定的基础上,将该区域地下水流系统概化为均质、各向同性、二维、潜水非稳定地下水流系统,运用GMS模型软件对研究区的地下水流场进行了数值模拟预测。通过模型识别和可靠性分析认为,所率定的模型参数符合实际且模型边界条件合理;预测认为该区域地下水资源量不能满足新增企业用水量9.8万m3/d的需求。该评价方法不仅具有应用和推广价值,而且具有为地下水资源科学规划提供科学依据的重要作用。     

“网河”非稳定流模型在洪泛区洪流演进中的应用

将宽阔的溃口洪水行进范围概化成由河道水塘和联系河道组成的网河,用一维非恒定流方程组来描述主要的水充运动状态,通过简化和变换,改写成统一的四点线性隐式有限差的方程组形式,再用双消除法求解,全部计算在微机上实现,参数用实测资料率定,成果具有较好的精度,在一定程度上反映出横水流方向的水位流量变化,为防洪水利计算开辟一条新的途径。     

大坡降复合式水平旋流内消能泄洪洞阻塞扩散段试验研究

以两河口水电站3#导流洞改建为复合式大坡降水平旋流内消能泄洪洞为例,对大坡降水平旋流洞末端和导流洞之间的衔接方式进行了试验研究。提出了阻塞渐扩和阻塞突扩两种不同的衔接方式,并对两种旋流扩散体型局部流态及壁面压强、断面掺气浓度、旋流扩散轨迹等水力特性进行了量测与分析,得到各体型旋流扩散段流态及各项水力特性随上游水位变化的基本规律。     

贯流式机组主轴密封水流量中断原因分析及处理

随着低水头径流式水电站的开发,灯泡贯流式机组凭借其投资低、安装工期短、检修方便等优势越来越被广泛应用。广西长洲水利枢纽贯流式水轮机主轴密封水流量中断成为了机组停机的主要原因。对事故的原因进行了分析,并从设计、制造和运行方面,对防止主轴密封水流量中断提出了几种防范措施,解决了主轴密封水流量中断造成机组停机的问题。     

南水北调中线小南河串流片防洪水位计算

传统的多河流串流计算主要采用水库联调的方法,把串流的各条河流概化为静态水库,库水位水平且不考虑横向流动。为解决串流区水流的横向流动及水面线并不总像库水位一样水平的问题,采用二维非恒定流数学模型计算串流区洪水演进。通过概化地形、考虑入流、糙率、边界条件和水流的横向流动等因素,计算出了整个串流区域的水面线、水深、流速、出流等水力要素,并给出洪水演进模拟图,为确定河流与总干渠交叉建筑物的规模、总干渠左岸沿线水面线和对沿线村庄、农田的防洪影响提供了可靠的依据。     

GEOMORPHIC RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN INSTREAM FLOWS: THE FLOW‐CHANNEL FITNESS MODEL

The flow‐channel fitness model is a conceptual and practical model for predicting the qualitative response of alluvial channels to modifications of flow regimes. ‘Fitness’ refers to the size of channels compared with the flows they convey, with the terminology derived from traditional geomorphic concepts of overfit and underfit streams. The qualitative predictions refer to whether channels experience aggradation, degradation or relative stability, and whether aggradation or degradation is dominated by width or depth. The model is based on transitions among seven possible fitness states, triggered by key thresholds of sediment supply versus transport capacity and shear stress versus shear strength, and requires that potential changes in sediment supply and water surface or energy‐grade slope also be accounted for. The fitness approach can be used where only relative values and changes are known, as is illustrated in three example applications from Texas. The flow‐channel fitness model synthesizes key elements from several existing approaches to predicting geomorphic responses to changes in flow and is intended to augment rather than replace quantitative approaches, providing a predictive tool where the data requirements and assumptions for quantitative models cannot be fully met. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SPAWNING OF THE ENDANGERED AUSTRALIAN LUNGFISH (NEOCERATODUS FORSTERI) IN A HEAVILY REGULATED RIVER: A PULSE FOR LIFE

The Australian lungfish is an endangered native species currently protected under various state, federal and international agreements. Scarce information on their early life history is available due to the absence of juveniles collected in the wild. This has led to concerns about the sustainability of the species and become a driver for the conservation effort for Australian lungfish. This study aimed to consolidate knowledge on the critical hydraulic habitat requirements of this species within a water resource management context. In this study, spawning of Australian lungfish was found to be a seasonal strategy that is highly reliant on a variable low‐flow regime within riverine habitat. Suitable conditions for spawning were characterized by small flow events in early‐to‐mid spring when water temperatures are between 18 and 28 °C, leading to oviposition on short dense macrophytes in shallow water. Importantly, many of the key environmental factors driving the ecological response are manageable through existing water resource infrastructure. Specifically, releases from water storages within the current distribution of Australian lungfish should mimic the natural inflow and temperature regime within the spawning period, and also provide suitable riverine habitat within projected full supply limits. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.