Among-site variability in environmental and management characteristics: Effect on nutrient loss in agricultural tile drainage

Water quality issues, including harmful and nuisance algal blooms (HNABs), related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exported from agricultural lands persist in the Great Lakes region. Previous work examining N and P loss from agricultural fields in portions of the United States (US) and Canada (CA) that drain into Lake Erie, consistently indicate significant nutrient loss from fields in Indiana and Ohio, US compared with those in southwestern Ontario, CA. The primary objective of this study was to examine variation in environmental and management characteristics from 30 sites (US: n = 28, CA: n = 2) located within the Lake Erie Basin and subsequently determine the influence of among-site variation on edge-of-field N and P losses. Using principal component analyses (PCA), we found that among-site variation was predominantly controlled by broad-scale patterns in fertilizer management practices and soil properties; however, N and P loss metrics were largely unexplained by these gradients. As such, fine-scale variability and the interaction of environmental and management characteristics at individual sites more strongly influenced N and P loss. Ultimately, these results further emphasize the importance of site- and nutrient-specific management plans that are needed to mitigate N and P losses from agricultural fields.     

长江经济带农业水资源利用效率时空差异分析

长江经济带水资源总量充沛,但人均水资源量以及单位面积耕地占有量处于较低水平;农业用水量超过供水总量的50%,而农业水资源利用效率低。研究长江经济带农业水资源利用效率对保护长江具有重要的现实意义。基于Malmquist-Panel Data两阶段模型,对长江经济带农业水资源利用效率的时空差异特征及其影响因素进行了分析研究。分析结果表明:经济发展水平、第一产业固定资产投资额、水资源禀赋、节水农业发展水平、"长江经济带"国家战略的实施、区域变量以及部分时间变量等对农业水资源利用效率具有显著的正向影响,而种植结构即粮食播种面积占比则有着显著的负向影响;长江经济带农业水资源利用效率时空差异特征明显。因此,对于长江经济带,应因地制宜、合理规划农作物种植结构;同时,加强地区间的技术交流与合作,实现长江经济带整体发展与各区域特色发展协同共进。     

1980～2015年长江流域土地利用变化分析

基于长江流域1980,1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015年7期土地利用数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵以及多种指标,分析了1980~2015年间长江流域土地利用的时空变化过程。研究表明：近35 a来耕地和草地呈下降趋势,而林地、水域和城乡用地面积明显增加,未利用地总体呈下降趋势;随着时间的推移,各地类的变化形式由以交换变化量为主导转变为以净变化量为主导,说明各地类逐渐倾向于在原有空间位置发生面积变化,而不是在流域内发生空间位置转移;长江流域土地利用综合动态度从大到小排列依次是1990~1995年、1980~1990年、2005~2010年、1995~2000年、2000~2005年、2010~2015年。1980~1990年和1990~1995年这两个时期的综合土地利用综合动态度明显大于其他各时期,即这两个时期长江流域土地利用变化程度最为剧烈。     

Invertebrate response to impacts of water diversion and flow regulation in high‐altitude tropical streams

Water supply systems are critical infrastructure that provides food and energy security for developed societies. The operation of reservoirs (flow regulation) and water intakes (water diversion) has known negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems; however, quantification of ecological impacts and examination of these two types of flow alteration remain a developing area of research. We investigated the individual and combined impact of flow regulation and water diversion on stream ecosystem integrity, the freshwater macroinvertebrate community, and the population structure of flow‐sensitive insects. For 2 years, we monitored quarterly discharge, physical and chemical stream conditions, and benthic invertebrates of four high‐altitude tropical streams that are part of the water supply system of Quito, Ecuador. Flow regulation caused a loss of the hydrological seasonality of these streams, including a decrease in stream depth and biotic quality. Water diversion caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen and overall ecosystem integrity. Freshwater invertebrate density and richness decreased as a result of water diversion and flow regulation. The combined flow alteration in these streams decreased the density of nymphal stages of the widely distributed mayfly Andesiops peruvianus. Given the societal needs for food and energy security, water management for diversion (e.g., irrigation) and in‐line storage practices (e.g., hydroelectric dams) are anticipated to increase. This research suggests that the negative environmental impacts of flow alteration could be mitigated with discharge releases designed to approximate the natural hydrologic regime of undisturbed streams.     

地下水人工回灌和停采对地面沉降控制的影响分析

地面沉降是全世界主要的工程地质灾害之一,而地下水超采是造成地面沉降的主要原因之一。为研究地下水人工回灌和停采对北京平原地面沉降的影响,采用三维地下水模型和情景设计法,设计3个情景(保持现状、人工回灌和地下水停采)对北京平原区域及沉降中心的沉降速率进行模拟。结果表明:保持现状、人工回灌和地下水停采等情景下北京平原在2015、2020和2030年的区域地面沉降分别为24 mm/a左右、12. 7～23. 2 mm/a及12. 4～23. 7mm/a,沉降中心地面沉降分别为39. 30～158. 62 mm/a、21. 09～165. 83 mm/a及16. 5～162. 95 mm/a;人工回灌和地下水停采对研究区地下水水位和含水层储存量的恢复以及地面沉降的控制有显著的促进作用,但地下水停采的效果要优于人工回灌的效果;只有综合考虑社会经济发展和地面沉降控制,才能既控制地面沉降的恶化,又保证北京平原社会的可持续发展。     

基于SWAT分布式流域水文模型的下垫面变化和水利工程对径流影响分析

近年来随着人类活动的加剧,兴建了许多中、小型水利和水土保持工程,迅速改变着流域的自然面貌,因而改变了径流的原有规律。选取1960以前水利工程较少的时期作为人类活动不明显期来率定SWAT模型参数,对于1990以后人类活动稳定期的径流分别设置3个情景:应用原SWAT模型、应用只考虑下垫面变化的SWAT模型和应用考虑下垫面变化和水利工程影响的SWAT模型分别进行模拟。对于五道沟以上流域和流域内东丰、磐石、样子哨3个子流域模拟结果显示:考虑下垫面变化和水利工程影响后的径流模拟相关系数R2和纳什效率系数NSE分别从0.82、0.56提高到0.91、0.79,分别提高了11.0%和41.1%。其中模拟精度的提高量中91.3%是由于考虑水利工程作用所引起的,剩余部分是由考虑下垫面变化引起的。相比下垫面变化,水利工程运行对该流域径流变化占据主导作用。     

江苏省主要农作物的生产水足迹研究

运用水足迹的理论和方法对江苏省播种面积最大的6种农作物在2000-2010年间的水足迹进行计算,并分析各农作物生产水足迹的特点以及灰水足迹对水环境的不利影响。结果表明:6种农作物生产消耗的蓝水和绿水量总体上呈现下降趋势,江苏省农业生产的用水效率在逐年提高。6种农作物的绿水足迹占比为61.88%~88.17%,绿水在当地农作物生产中占有重要的地位;江苏省6种主要农作物中,水稻和小麦生产的水足迹之和占比为84.15%;单位质量棉花生产水足迹最大,其产生的灰水足迹也最大;单位质量小麦生产的水足迹是稻谷的近两倍,单位质量小麦生产产生的灰水足迹也明显大于水稻。     

基于遗传投影寻踪模型的延安市水资源利用效率分析

水资源是制约延安市社会经济发展的主要瓶颈,提高水资源利用效率对缓解该区域水资源短缺问题十分重要。本文选取万元工业产值用水量等7个指标,构建了水资源利用效率评价体系,建立遗传算法的投影寻踪模型,对用水效率进行分析评价。结果表明:延安市整体水资源利用效率较高,万元工业产值的用水水平为水资源利用效率的主要影响因素,并且根据最佳投影向量各指标提出了改善延安市水资源利用效率的措施。     

Socioeconomic predictors of forest use values in the Peruvian Amazon: A potential tool for biodiversity conservation

Conservation is a crisis discipline requiring rapid action with limited funds. This study examines the potential of socioeconomic variables to predict forest use values. If natural resource use can be predicted from socioeconomic data, conservation planners could rapidly identify and focus conservation programs on the sectors of local populations that most intensively utilize local flora and fauna. Families in three communities in the northern Peruvian Amazon were surveyed over a 6-month period. Data were collected on use of flora and fauna from six locally determined use categories (food, medicine and poisons, wood, weavings, adornments, and “other”) in forest types of three age classes (fallow fields—very young forests, young secondary forests, and old secondary forests). Forest use values were the dependant variables calculated in $/ha/year. Socioeconomic variables included: age, education, family size, residence time, land worked, land owned, number of fishing nets, chickens, pigs, cows, and/or mules owned (all proxies for productive assets), and level of ecological knowledge (ability of informants to correctly identify forest species and answer basic questions about their biology). Ordinary least square multiple regressions were run independently for each forest type. Regressions were also run separately for the two most valuable use categories, food and wood. Low R² adjusted values (all < 0.3) reflect the difficulty in predicting human behavior due to confounding variables and complex interactions. Residence time and a household's community of residence were the most significant predictors of forest use values. Households in Vista Alegre, the community with the highest density of people and smallest landholdings per household, extracted the highest value of forest products per hectare. The longer a family stayed in any community the higher the value of forest goods they extracted. If families that lived in an area longest are the most intensive extractors of forest products, they should be a major focus for conservation programming. In addition, the higher value of products extracted from forests by some families may make them more open to strategies seeking to protect long-term viability of the resources they utilize. The importance of residence time also indicates that planners need to account for changes in the resource use patterns of stakeholders over time.     

地价杠杆在城市经营中的调控作用——以南京市为例

本文紧密结合经营城市这个热点问题，首次系统地阐述了地价杠杆在城市经营中的重要作用。并结合南京市1998－1999年的土地出让实际工作成果，运用文中提出的观点，设立不同的口径进行详细分析与对照。通过综合分析与尝试，一方面，说明地价杠杆在政府经营城市的过程中具有不可替代的地位；另一方面，城市政府完全可以运用地价杠杆的经济特性，趋利避害，更好地促进国民经济的健康有序发展。