雨洪资源利用进展与利用模式探索

对雨洪及雨洪资源利用的概念进行了界定,明确了雨洪资源开发利用的对象。在明确雨洪资源概念的基础上,概括了近20年来国内外在雨洪资源利用方面的研究和进展,并对国外在此利用技术和管理方面所取得的经验进行了总结。接下来用较多的篇幅对雨洪资源利用工程和非工程的措施进行了的介绍,在对每种利用方式加以剖析之后,分别引用了相应利用方式中比较典型的实例。最后对这些利用方式在未来的发展趋势做了初步的展望。     

洮水河冷口水文站水沙变化特征分析

对洮水河冷口水文站1976—2009年降水量、径流量、输沙量等相关资料进行了统计分析,结果表明降雨、径流和输沙量主要集中在汛期,降水量与径流量之间具有良好的相关性,而输沙量与二者之间相关关系不明显。     

流域管理中的几个新理念及其实践应用

分析阐述了传统水土保持工作面临的问题,结合黄土高原流域管理的成功实践,介绍了提高流域管理成效的综合流域管理,可持续替代生计、参与式、部门协作几个新的流域管理理念及其在实践中如何应用,以期推动这些理念能在流域管理实践中运用,提升流域管理成效。     

Policy instruments for curbing CO2 emissions: The case of the Netherlands

Taxes may seem to be the most attractive instrument for curbing the emissions of carbon dioxide. This paper, however, argues that environmental taxes involve a number of serious complications — especially in an open economy riddled with market imperfections like the Netherlands. Therefore, a wide-ranging policy mix is called for. As far as households and sheltered sectors are concerned, regulation can continue to play a major role. Within the context of unilateral policies aimed at exposed sectors, the combination of subsidies and voluntary agreements may be more cost effective than the tax instrument.This paper was prepared for a conference on Energy Taxation in Europe organized by the Stichting voor Economisch Onderzoek (SEO) and held on December 13, 1991 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The author would like to thank Sijbren Cnossen, Jarig van Sinderen and one anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft.     

The future sustainability of water supply in Kuwait

Abstract

The main natural source of water available in Kuwait is the brackish groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam aquifers, where the salinity ranges from 4300 to 10200 mg/l and from 2500 to 10000 mg/l, respectively. Limited fresh groundwater resources in Al‐Rawdhatain and Umm Al‐Aish fields, which have a salinity of 359 ‐1737 mg/l, are also available. Most of the groundwater in Kuwait is used for irrigation, domestic purposes, small‐scale industries and for blending with distilled water. Because rainfall is seasonal and less than annual evaporation, the recharge of the groundwater from rainfall is negligible. The objective of this paper is to assess the different water resources in Kuwait in order to make an integrated management plan and to focus on future sustainability. Generally, in the State of Kuwait, there is increasing pressure on the natural water resources because of the exploitation of the aquifers at a rate exceeding that of both the groundwater recharge and population growth (from 1.4 million in 1980 to 2.55 million in 2003). This has lead to the observed decline in groundwater level and to the deterioration of water quality. In the early 1950s, a plan was endorsed in Kuwait to establish seawater desalination plants. By 2005, six desalination plants have been established, with a total capacity of distillation units of 1434.72 ×103 m³/d (315.6 MIGD). However, the gross maximum consumption for the year 2003 reached a value of 1440.17 ×103 m³/d (316.8 MIGD), which is higher than the total capacity of the available distillation units. Given the limitation of conventional water and the shortages of non‐conventional water, along with the increasing population, Kuwait must consider the recycling of wastewater for irrigation, industrial or any other unrestricted non‐potable purpose.     

The deep waters of land reform: land,water and conservation area claims in Limpopo Province,Olifants Basin,South Africa

Through investigating the reactions of commercial farmers to land and water reforms in the Trichardtsdal-Ofcolaco area, Limpopo Province, Olifants Basin, South Africa, from 1997 to 2006, it is shown that water claims are key to land redistribution processes, and that commercial farmers make strategic use of arguments for nature conservation and ecological stewardship to defend their claims to water. Given these observations, caution is warranted with respect to the implementation of land and water reforms as separate policy packages; it may be more effective to design water and conservation policies as an integral part of land reform programmes.     

Integrated Water Resources Management in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Abstract

The Uzbek socio-economic structure is characterized by the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-orientated economy, with a shifting from agricultural production to industrial development. However, the agricultural sector continues to play a significant role in a general economy of the country. The major water sector strategy is to decrease the dependence of agricultural production on climate by introducing advanced irrigation techniques and water saving methods to achieve future sustainable socio-economic development and environmental protection. Water management policy should be flexible enough to adapt to new demands. The regulation of consumption through demand management tools, such as appropriate pricing policies, has recently received greater attention in Uzbekistan. The main thesis of this paper is that allocation of water resources cannot be separated from ecological and economic considerations. The establishment of development objectives and the identification of constraints are also discussed. In the coming years, special attention will need to be paid to the control of water pollution and land salinization, water resources conservation, and acknowledging that actions to increase water productivity are as important as finding additional sources of water.     

亭子口水利枢纽工程环境保护实践

嘉陵江亭子口水利枢纽地处川北革命老区,生态环境较好,环境保护要求高;移民按照国务院471号令实施.工程建设遵循国家环境保护的基本国策,确立了建设“绿色工程”的环保目标,按照本项目的特点,科学规划,创新管理模式,采取过硬措施,满足环保投资,使环境保护与枢纽工程同时规划、同时建设、同时投入使用,见到了实效.     

溪洛渡水电站液压启闭机开度仪的应用

溪洛渡水电站在各类弧门、闸门的液压启闭机上安装了3种不同型号的开度仪装置.介绍了3种开度仪装置的结构特点、工作原理及日常维护方法,对日后开度仪的运行、维护、检修具有一定的指导意义,也为电站的正常运行提供了保障.     

一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型Ⅰ：建模

畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型可从物理机制上综合模拟地面灌溉过程中地表水与土壤水系统之间的互动关系,为开展区域尺度地面灌溉系统性能评价提供了基础工具.利用二阶时空离散精度的混合数值解法求解一维全水动力学模型,建立了一维畦灌地表水流运动模型,并利用二阶时间离散精度有限差分法和构建的四阶空间离散精度有限体积法解算一维土壤水动力学模型.同时,以地表水和土壤水质量守恒方程交替迭代计算的地表水深收敛值为基础,利用动量守恒方程获得地表水流速场,实现了地表水-土壤水系统间的有效迭代耦合,构建起基于数值解法和迭代耦合模式同步改进的一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型.