ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF WATER QUALITY IN BOREAL RIVERS BASED ON PARTITIONING METHODS

Quantitative studies of the relationships between river water quality and environmental variables are needed to improve understanding of the impacts of natural and human factors on aquatic environments. However, multicollinearity between environmental variables can hinder the identification of key factors when water quality–environment relationship is studied using traditional regression methods. This study utilized two alternative statistical methods, variation and hierarchical partitioning, to address these difficulties in studies of river water quality. Using these methods, we explored the effects of catchment physiography, climate and land use variables on total phosphorus and nitrogen, pH, water colour and dissolved oxygen during the years 1995–2005 in 32 boreal rivers in Finland. Catchment physiography and land use explained most of the variation in water quality, especially in phosphorus, nitrogen and water colour data. The strong correlations (r_s > 0.8) between agricultural land use and phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations indicate that water quality is highly affected by agriculture in boreal regions. By determining the environmental drivers of different water quality variables, we can estimate the water quality of different catchments in response to environmental changes and identify areas that are sensitive to global changes. Our study shows that novel statistical methods integrated with geographic information system data and techniques provide deeper insights into water quality–environment relationships than traditional regression, and these should be considered when developing, for example, conservation planning for rivers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FISH HABITAT OPTIMIZATION TO PRIORITIZE RIVER RESTORATION DECISIONS

This paper examines and ranks restoration alternatives for improving fish habitat by evaluating tradeoffs between fish production and restoration costs. Optimization modelling is used to maximize out‐migrating coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from a natal stream and is applied as a case study in California's Shasta River. Restoration activities that alter flow and water temperature conditions are the decision variables in the model and include relocating a major diversion, increasing riparian shading, increasing instream flow, restoring a cool‐water spring and removing a dam. A budget constraint limits total restoration expenditures. This approach combines simple fish population modelling with flow and water quality modelling to explore management strategies and aid decision making. Previous fish habitat optimization research typically uses single restoration strategies, usually by altering reservoir releases or modifying outlet structures. Our method enlarges the solution space to more accurately represent extensive and integrated solutions to fish habitat problems. Results indicate that restoration alternatives can be prioritized by fish habitat improvement and restoration cost. For the Shasta River case study, considerable habitat restoration investments were required before fish productivity increased substantially. This exercise illustrates the potential of ecological optimization for highlighting promising restoration approaches and dismissing poor alternatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality assessment of a tropical coastal lake system using multivariate cluster,principal component and factor analysis

Statistical techniques represent a reliable tool for classifying, modelling and interpreting surface water quality monitoring data, particularly for lakes. The complexity associated with the analysis of a large number of measured variables, however, is a major problem in water quality assessments. Multivariate analysis, such as cluster analysis and factor analysis (FA), was utilized in this study for the analysis of water quality data (including water discharges and 28 water quality parameters) for Akkulam–Veli Lake, a tropical coastal lake system in Kerala, India. This lake is partially divided into two sub‐systems, namely Veli Lake and Akkulam Lake. Akkulam Lake exhibits freshwater characteristics, in contrast to Veli Lake, which exhibits saline water characteristics because of its close proximity to the sea. Thus, studying this lake provides insights into water quality variations in both a freshwater and saline water lake in a tropical region. Water quality patterns and variations in Akkulam–Vela Lake over three seasons, including pre‐monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON) and post‐monsoon (POM), also were studied, utilizing multivariate techniques. The organic pollution factor played a significant role on lake water quality during PRM. The influence of organic pollution tends to decrease during MON and POM, a particular situation faced by urban lakes in tropical regions. Polluted stretches in a lake system during different seasons can easily be ascertained by hierarchical cluster analysis. Further, the factors affecting a lake system as a whole, as well as for a particular sampling site, can easily be identified by FA. Improved water quality can be observed during POM. Akkulam and Vela lakes exhibit a wide variation in water quality during all seasons, a finding that corroborates a water flow obstruction from Akkulam Lake to Veli Lake because of the bund existing between the two lakes. The location of the bund is identified as the major reason for different hydrochemical processes in A–V Lake.     

长峰不规则波数值模拟的相关问题

针对波浪数值水池研究现状,提出了长峰不规则波数值波浪水池研究亟待解决的3个问题:海浪谱的拓展、波能衰减机理讨论及长峰不规则波数值模拟精度评价标准.基于黏性数值波浪水池技术,以文氏海浪谱为目标谱,对深水长峰不规则波进行了数值模拟;分析了数值模拟中波能衰减的主要原因,并提出了基于优化网格生成和离散格式的减小衰减的方法;根据《水面船模耐波性试验规程》对数值模拟结果进行了误差计算,并提出了适用于不规则波数值模拟评价标准的建议.     

遗传算法与投影寻踪模型在湿地水质综合评价中的应用

参考地表水环境质量标准和湖库营养状态评价标准,采用基于遗传算法的投影寻踪模型,计算反映湿地水体质量状况和湿地营养状态的一维投影值,直观地反映湿地水环境质量。将此方法在河北衡水湖湿地进行了实例应用,结果表明,衡水湖湿地2010年水质属于Ⅱ类,处于中度富营养状态。     

闸后水流运动的SPH法数值模拟

在对光滑离子流体动力学(SPH)法的基本原理、核函数及控制方程离散格式、边界处理方法等进行介绍的基础上建立了数值水槽模型,成功模拟了闸门开启后水流的界面变形、界面破碎、气泡的生成及溃灭,以及涌浪的生成过程。结果表明SPH法能够捕捉到流体的飞溅及融合现象,适于模拟具有瞬时极大变形等水流运动。     

某围垦工程原位监测施工和分析

通过某围垦工程原位监测施工实施,阐述了原位监测的目的和意义,并对原位监测成果进行分析,得到监测的有效数据,从而指导下一步的施工,确保地基稳定、沉降均匀。     

半干旱半荒漠地区沙柳周边土壤水分分布规律研究

土壤与植被是土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)系统中两个相互依存和影响的重要因素.土壤水分是影响沙地植被稳定性的决定因素之一.通过对半干旱半荒漠地区主要植被沙柳根系发育区域内土壤水分的测定,分析了植被周围土壤含水量在水平、垂直方向的变化规律以及土壤含水量与日照、降雨、沙坡位置等因子的关系.结果表明:降雨引起沙地表层土壤含水量增加;65 cm深度土壤含水量偏小;根系的分布使得植株下方土壤含水量减少;土壤水分和植物根系存在相互作用的关系.     

塔里木河流域中游绿洲地下水资源评价——以沙雅县为例

地下水资源是我国西部地区水资源的主要组成部分,对地下水资源全面科学的调查和评价,是解决水资源问题的基础性工作。本文尝试采用水均衡方法的同时进行数值模拟的方法对塔里木河流域中游绿洲沙雅县地下水水资源进行评价。结果表明:通过地下水资源均衡计算,绿洲地下水处于正均衡状态,通过数值模拟法计算,绿洲地下水处于负均衡状态。水均衡方法对较大区域地下水资源评价方便易行,但是局部地区精细化计算能力不足,由于多数补给项采用补给系数法计算,结果误差偏大;数值模拟方法对各种尺度研究区均可以进行模拟计算,但是对已有基础资料要求较高,模拟过程充分考虑实际水文地质条件及地下水位动态拟合精度,各源汇项计算精度优于水均衡评价方法结果。两种方法结合应用可更好地用于地下水资源评价。对沙雅县的地下水资源进行评价和分析,目的是科学合理开发利用地下水,保持水土平衡,促进沙雅县经济可持续发展。     

采用天然砾石骨料的浇筑式沥青混凝土配合比设计及性能研究

在进行沥青混凝土配合比设计时,为保证骨料与沥青的粘附性及心墙的安全可靠性,沥青混凝土骨料多采用碱性岩石破碎的人工碎石,当采用天然砾石骨料配置沥青混凝土时,材料的配合比及水稳定性越来越受到工程界的关注。本文采用广泛分布于新疆的天然砂砾料作为原材料,进行沥青混凝土配合比设计。提出当丁朴荣公式中沥青含量为8.3%～8.6%、填料用量为10%～14%、级配指数0.33或0.34时,采用天然砂砾料配置的沥青混凝土仍具有良好的流动性能,同时也符合沥青混凝土的水稳定性要求。