基于SWMM与NSGA-Ⅱ耦合的城区雨水泵站多目标优化调控

针对城区复杂水系统中雨水泵站的调控系统性弱和优化时效性慢的问题,将SWMM的水量水质过程模拟与NSGA-Ⅱ的快速非支配排序进行深度耦合,从减缓城区内涝、控制面源污染负荷输出与减低耗电量的角度,建立了多线程并行计算和带有决策者偏好的城区雨水泵站多目标优化调控模型。对天津空港经济区的雨水泵站优化调度进行实例研究,结果表明,与常规调度方式相比,在典型设计降水情景下,该优化模型在不显著增加节点积水累计时间的前提下,减少输出了1383.34 kg的污染负荷,节约了621.92 kW·h电能,求解速率可提升至单线程串行计算的4.2倍。该优化方案充分利用了泵站调蓄池的库容缓冲和水质稀释作用,减缓了场次降水对于城区水环境的瞬时冲击影响,降低了运行成本。     

海绵城市生物滞留设施关键技术研究进展

海绵城市生物滞留设施是适用于分散式雨水处理与利用的代表性生态技术,但目前仍旧存在一些问题制约其运行效率及寿命。综述了海绵城市建设中生物滞留设施关键技术及国内外研究进展,指出高效净化能力填料的研制、污染物迁移转化模型的建立及设计参数的优化、有机微污染物累积风险评价及修复技术的构建等将成为海绵城市生物滞留设施未来的研究热点。     

基于Landsat的淮河干流水质监测的可行性分析

流域水体污染已成为影响岸边带经济社会发展的热点问题,明确流域水质变化趋势是实施水体污染控制和综合治理的前提。针对流域水质状况及其发展趋势的监测问题,以淮河干流为研究对象,在现有的流域水质监测手段的基础上,结合实测水质数据和同步Landsat数据,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了TM、OLI水质遥感监测模型,开展了2006-2017年淮河干流水体污染趋势分析。结果表明：TM、OLI水质综合污染指数遥感监测模型计算值与实测值之间绝对误差不超过 0.17,相对误差不超过7.11%;模型计算的2006-2017年淮河干流各类污染水体面积占比变化情况与实际监测结果一致,模型可用于淮河干流水质动态监测中;将遥感影像数据与典型断面监测数据相结合,建立流域水质监测模型的思路是可行的。研究结果为大尺度流域水质动态监测和生态环境保护提供了一种新的思路。     

GIS支持下的凡河流域农业非点源污染物时空特征分析

为了解铁岭县凡河流域农业非点源污染现状,本文以铁岭县多年乡镇统计报表为基础,结合输出系数法及源强系数法分析了凡河流域2007-2009年四种农业非点源污染物排放量及其排放强度的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)流域内农业非点源污染物排放总量呈持续上升趋势,总氮、总磷、化学需氧量及氨氮的平均排放量为3174.5、361.4、16624.5和3980.3t/a;(2)流域内主要污染物为化学需氧量,主要污染源为畜禽养殖;(3)污染物排放总量及强度空间上大致呈中、西部高,东部低的特点,李千户乡及铁岭市区为主要污染区域。为有效地控制凡河流域农业非点源污染,当地政府应把重点放在畜禽粪便及居民生活垃圾的处理方式上。     

未来气候变化影响下的流域面源污染负荷特征响应评估

针对流域面源污染负荷在未来气候变化影响下的变化特征,以我国新安江上游率水流域为例,使用通用流域污染负荷模型(GWLF),对其2000-2013年的水量及总氮、总磷面源污染负荷通量进行了模拟,并解析了其负荷来源分配。在此基础上,基于政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)的气候变化评估报告结果,利用GWLF模型分析了到21世纪20年代、50年代、80年代在A1FI(最高排放)和B1(最低排放)情景下,率水流域的水文及总氮、总磷面源污染负荷特征变化。结果表明:未来气候变化对流域水文及面源污染负荷特征均有一定影响。年水资源量先减少后增加,地表径流量和蒸发量逐渐上升而地下水量逐渐下降。到2080s,A1FI情景比B1情景有更多的水资源量。年总氮通量先增加后减少,在2050s最高,而年总磷通量则逐渐增加,且两种污染物均在A1FI排放情景下有更高的污染负荷量,表明人类温室气体的排放会潜在地增加流域水体面源污染负荷。     

基于Visual MODFLOW的某尾矿库地下水污染模拟

以甘肃省合作市某尾矿库库区作为研究区,应用Visual MODFLOW建立了地下水水流模型和溶质运移模型,模拟了4种特征污染物在尾矿库无防渗和尾矿库人工防渗层破损两种非正常工况下的运移情况。数值模拟预测了污染物的影响范围、超标范围和最大运移距离。由预测结果可知:污染物主要沿水流方向运移,对水环境的影响随时间逐渐增大;氨氮和总磷对水环境的影响较大,总砷和六价铬影响较小;两种工况中,尾矿库无防渗对水环境造成的影响更为恶劣。     

负载纳米水合氧化铁活性炭去除水中铅的实验研究

通过共沉淀法制备一种负载纳米水合氧化铁活性炭,研究其对铅的吸附性能、负载前后活性炭的结构的影响,并进行TEM和XRD表征分析。利用动态小柱实验探究不同p H值、进水浓度和空床接触时间对铅吸附能力的影响,同时比较负载前后活性炭处理实际河道水中铅的吸附穿透曲线。结果表明:无定型的纳米水合氧化铁成功负载于活性炭上,负载后的活性炭显著提高了铅的吸附性能,其对铅的吸附容量随p H值、空床接触时间的增大而增加,进水浓度的变化基本不影响铅的吸附容量。以实际河道水为处理对象,得出负载前后的活性炭穿透点运行的床体积分别为1233和11004,显著提高了9倍,表明负载纳米水合氧化铁活性炭可以有效去除实际水体中的铅,具有良好的应用前景。     

Piercing the Veil of Uncertainty in Transboundary Pollution Agreements

This paper addresses the question of how uncertainty in costs and benefits affects the difficulty of reaching a voluntary agreement among sovereign states. A measure of difficulty is constructed related to side-payments necessary to make an agreement a Pareto-improving move. Using a simple model, it is shown that uncertainty actually makes agreement easier.JEL classifications: Q5, H4, D7, D8An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conference on Risk and Uncertainty in Environmental and Resource Economics, Wageningen, The Netherlands, June 2002.     

Post OPA-90 Vessel Oil Transfer Spill Prevention: The Effectiveness of Coast Guard Enforcement

Although oil spills from tanker accidents receive the most publicity, most vessel spills are not the result of accidents but of oil transfer activities. We investigate determinants of the size of vessel oil transfer spills as well as the effectiveness of Coast Guard enforcement activities in reducing their size. Vessel out-of-water and in-water oil transfer spillage functions are estimated utilizing tobit regression and detailed data on individual vessel oil transfer spills as well as Coast Guard safety/environmental enforcement activity data for the 1991–1995 period. Our estimation results suggest that Coast Guard hull but not machinery inspections are effective in reducing both out-of-water and in-water spills; patrols by air, but not by boat, are effective in reducing out-of-water spills; but neither is effective in reducing in-water spills. The results also show that the type of vessel (oil- and non-oil-cargo), vessel characteristics, vessel operations, weather/visibility conditions, and waterway type are determinants of post OPA-90 vessel oil transfer spills.     

Altruism and the Economic Values of Environmental and Social Policies

Altruism is a type of non-use value which can have different definitions depending on the type of goods entering the utility function of the altruists and their expectations about the contributions of others. The purpose of this paper is to measure the trade-offs between different types of altruist values originating from social and environmental policies. Environmental policies are concerned with reducing health effects from a power plant while social policies involve both the attainment of public facilities for education and leisure and an increase in the income of the affected population. The empirical application utilizes a choice experiment technique which allows for valuation of multiple goods. Health effects are decomposed into the values of the risk of becoming ill, the duration of the episodes and the limitations imposed by illness. Altruist values are elicited from a population that is not affected by pollution. Results show that altruism is significant for policies directed to reducing health effects and improving the income level of the affected population, whereas there is egoism for a policy aimed at improving public facilities in the polluted suburb. The value of altruism is significantly influenced by the expectations of net benefits to be received by the affected population.