Water policy in Spain: seeking a balance between transfers,desalination and wastewater reuse

Decision-making in water resources management is a perennial source of political debate. When a basin suffers from a structural water shortage the possible solutions are either a transfer from another basin or the use of other unconventional resources such as those obtained through desalination or water reuse. Politics and territorial interests have given rise to undesired fluctuations in Spain’s water policy, in particular with regard to transferring water from one basin to another. However, conflicts have not prevented water management in Spain from being one of the most advanced in the world, even with its unfavourable geographical context.     

高效聚磷菌的分离鉴定及除磷性能分析

从连续稳定运行的AAO污水处理系统曝气池污泥中分离筛选出4株聚磷菌(编号为P1,P2,P3,P4)进行吸放磷实验。结果表明:4株聚磷菌具有较强的去除污水中磷酸盐的能力,均表现出明显的厌氧释放磷、好氧吸收磷的特征,其中P1细菌的吸放磷特征最为显著,对废水磷的最大去除率可达到75.51%,P2、P3、P4对磷的最大去除率分别为8.77%、47.26%、30.19%。通过对4株细菌的16S r DNA序列进行测序分析,鉴定出P1、P2、P3、P4分别属于微杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、塚村氏菌属、塚村氏菌属细菌。     

NDA-66树脂处理DBP生产废水及吸附行为

通过等温吸附试验,研究了超高交联树脂NDA-66对邻苯二甲酸(ο-PA)的吸附性能及吸附行为,同时优化了NDA-66处理增塑剂DBP生产废水吸附-脱附工艺参数。经过初步筛选发现,NDA-66树脂对ο-PA具有良好的吸附性能,在温度为15℃、30℃和45℃条件下分别测定了吸附平衡数据,ο-PA在NDA-66树脂上的吸附平衡符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,温度对吸附的影响较大。参数优化试验结果表明:树脂吸附最佳工艺参数是:pH 2.0~2.4,温度30℃,流速为1.5 BV/h;树脂脱附最佳工艺参数,脱附剂用量及组成为1 BV 8%NaOH+2 BV H_2O,脱附温度为55℃,脱附流速为1.5 BV/h。     

Effects of Land Use on the Composition and Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate Community and Leaf Breakdown Process in Neotropical Streams

Different land uses directly affect the characteristics of a river basin and influence the aquatic biota and ecosystem processes. This study aimed to analyse the community structure and composition of aquatic invertebrates and the role of these organisms in the process of leaf litter breakdown in streams with different land uses. The study was conducted from September to December 2013 in five streams in the Neotropical region. At each stream, we placed 18 bags containing litter for colonization by aquatic invertebrates, and the bags were collected at different exposure times (5, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days). We registered spatial differences in the aquatic invertebrate community structure and composition. There were no significant differences in the activity of invertebrates in the leaf litter breakdown process among streams with different land uses. However, the variability in mass decay rate was lower for the reference stream. This result may have been influenced by habitat quality, availability of organic matter and the structure and composition of benthic community present in the reference stream, which differs significantly among locations with different types of land use. The results of this study shows that human activities, particularly agriculture and urbanization, modify the structure and composition of the benthic community and acts on ecosystem processes, especially in the variability of the processing of allochthonous material invertebrates. However, we reject the hypothesis that land use negatively influences the decomposition of litter, measured by weight loss. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

污水在明渠水流中近区扩散与混合的试验研究

用水力实验方法研究了明渠水流中园形污水射流近区扩散与混合的特性。试验方法及结果均作了介绍。试验结果表明:污水射流扩散和近区内的稀释度主要决定于射流佛劳德数、相对水深和相对流速。     

熔岩台地矮曲林土壤溶液吸光度与土壤碳、氮含量的相关性

通过对五大连池新期火山熔岩台地白桦、香杨、山杨3个林型的矮曲林45个样本进行14个波长(250、254、260、265、272、280、285、300、340、350、365、400、436和465 nm)土壤溶液吸光度以及土壤有机碳和全氮含量的测定,旨在探讨土壤溶液吸光度对土壤碳氮指标的指示作用以及不同林型对该作用的...     

采用不确定性因素决策法确定污水处理厂布局

随着城市的不断发展,污水处理厂的规模、承受的负荷也不断增大,对小区域污水处理厂布局方案进行优化选择已越来越重要。利用不确定性多属性决策对其进行选择,既省去了烦琐的计算步骤,又减少了决策者在决策过程中承担的风险,具有较高的实用价值。     

氨吹脱-A2/O工艺处理高浓度养殖废水

介绍了氨吹脱-A2/O工艺处理高浓度养殖废水的工程实例.运行结果表明,CODCr的平均去除率为97.4%,NH3-N去除率为91.9%,出水的各项指标均符合<畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准>.该工艺具有剩余污泥少,耐冲击负荷能力强,难降解有机物去除效率高等优点.     

超声波-好氧生物接触法处理制药废水

试验研究超声波-好氧生物接触法处理制药废水CODCr去除效果.结果表明在超声波处理时间60 s,功率200W时,制药废水单独经超声波处理,CODCr去除率仅为13%～16%;对好氧生物接触反应器中零时刻的混合液澄清水,直接进行好氧生物接触处理,CODCr去除率仅30%左右;而经超声波预处理后再好氧生物接触处理CODCr总去除率达到96%以上.经超声波预处理后,好氧生物接触最佳反应时间为12 h.     

利用沸石去除电镀废水中重金属离子的试验研究

天然沸石经过适当改性后用于去除电镀废水中重金属离子的试验结果表明:沸石具有较好的离子交换性能,可同时去除电镀废水中的Zn,Cr,Ni等重金属离子,以确保电镀废水达标排放。采用沸石进行电镀废水处理时,其最佳过流速度为4～5m/h,此时,Zn,Cr,Ni的有效去除率分别达到80%,60%,40%以上,工作周期可长达12h以上。