两种溃坝模型在唐家山堰塞湖溃决模拟中的对比

基于唐家山堰塞坝溃决的实测数据,使用BREACH模型及中国水科院DB-IWHR模型,对唐家山堰塞坝溃决过程进行了反演分析,并对两种模型进行参数敏感性分析。研究结果表明:使用针对唐家山的参数,两种模型均可较好地反演唐家山溃决洪水的过程,BREACH模型的下游坡比和孔隙率是对结果影响比较敏感的输入参数;DB-IWHR模型在冲刷参数和下游水深计算两方面做了改善,较好地解决了这一问题;DB-IWHR提供了一个Excel格式的计算软件,数值分析稳定性好,使用简洁客观,可供类似堰塞湖应急处置时参考。     

基于组合赋权的湖泊健康评价物元分析模型

湖泊生态系统的健康是人与自然和谐相处及可持续发展理念的重要体现。通过建立湖泊健康评价物元分析模型,并改进其指标权重的计算,以离差平方和准则将层次分析法、熵值法及主成分分析法3种赋权方法取得的权重结合得到最优组合赋权,应用到某地5个湖泊进行湖泊健康评价。根据当地湖泊具体情况,选取12个详细指标建立评价体系与评价标准,通过模型计算得出结果显示5个湖泊中4个湖泊评价结果为优,一个评价结果为良,湖泊总体健康状况良好。因此该模型用于湖泊健康评价是非常有效的。     

Advancing Africa’s Great Lakes research and academic potential: Answering the call for harmonized,long-term,collaborative networks and partnerships

The African Great Lakes (AGL) have rich fisheries and are renowned “biodiversity hotspots”. Consequently the AGL and the ecosystem services they provide, underpin the welfare and livelihoods of over 50 million people across 10 countries. Despite the recognized importance of the AGL, these vital ecosystems and their livelihood support systems are threatened by numerous anthropogenic stressors at local, regional, and global scales. Past and continued efforts to address critical challenges on these lakes are often short-term, parochial, disparate, and uncoordinated resulting in a lack of comprehensive and comparable scientific data and inadequate resources to influence evidence-based policy. Over the past two decades, several international workshops, conferences and scientific publications have identified the need for collaboration, knowledge sharing, and harmonization of research and management as key elements to enhance conservation efforts in the AGL. In this commentary, we introduce the African Center for Aquatic Research and Education (ACARE), which aims to strengthen research and provide the scientific evidence needed to make informed decisions related to sustainable fisheries and aquatic resource management in the AGL. To do this, ACARE will administer a highly collaborative network of experts with three long-term goals: (1) strengthen global and regional research partnerships; (2) establish transboundary and inter-jurisdictional lake advisory groups; and (3) build capacity of freshwater scientists through experiential education and public engagement.     

河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性试验研究

絮凝沉降性能是河湖疏浚淤泥资源化处理中重要且未完善的研究课题。以武汉沙湖、官桥湖及南湖3种淤泥为研究对象,通过沉降筒试验,利用清浑交界面沉降速度和上清液浊度研究了粒径分布、初始含沙量及高分子聚合物对河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性的影响规律,并探讨了沉降筒尺寸对试验结果的影响。试验结果表明:河湖淤泥粒径越小,淤泥絮凝沉降越慢,上清液浊度越小;随初始含沙量的增加,河湖淤泥整体沉降速度变小,但当初始含沙量增加到一定值后,初始含沙量的影响作用开始变弱;高分子聚合物会促进河湖淤泥絮凝沉降;沉降筒尺寸虽然对试验结果略有影响,但对于分析河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性无较大影响。研究河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性对于河湖通航、蓄洪、水质修复、疏浚淤泥的处理均有重要意义。     

采用水量平衡法分析呼伦湖水域面积变化因素

为摸清呼伦湖水位下降而导致周边生态环境恶化的原因,以呼伦湖为研究对象,通过Landsat ETM+和OLI影像资料得到呼伦湖面积变化情况,将1960-2013年共分为4个时期,利用水量平衡法分析影响呼伦湖水量的主要因素。结果表明:不同时期影响因素及影响程度均不同,径流量的R值分别为0.42、0.93、0.60、0.86,每个时期影响最大值,面积减小了213 km~2,水位降低了3.35m。综合以上所述,得出入湖河流的径流量为调控呼伦湖水量的主控因子,其水域面积的持续萎缩主要是受气候变化和人类活动影响。     

岱海湖温排水对湖面附加蒸发量影响研究

岱海湖为一内陆封闭型湖泊。本研究利用3、7、12月份冬夏工况,综合考虑岱海湖边界条件,水面温度、密度、水面天然温度、大气温度、相对湿度等影响因子,构建温排水对岱海湖附加蒸发量影响的计算公式。经计算,电厂温排水引起的岱海湖附加蒸发损失量为:3月份为39.46万m3,7月份为73.3万m3,12月份为10.6万m3,岱海湖电厂温排水年附加蒸发水量约为678.2万m3/a。结果表明:附加蒸发量与电厂温排水量变化一致。本研究对干旱区水资源利用具有重要意义。     

打造湖泊休闲品牌,促进千岛湖旅游可持续发展

湖泊是发展旅游的重要资源,湖泊旅游是旅游业的重要组成部分①。近年来,千岛湖旅游实现了观光游与休闲游的有机结合,重点培育休闲度假游,提升景区的品位。根据淳安县政府提出的打造“休闲度假胜地”、“世界湖泊休闲品牌”的重大决策,结合世界湖泊旅游的未来发展趋势开展调研,提出了世界湖泊休闲品牌打造对促进千岛湖旅游可持续发展有着重大的现实意义。     

河湖普查山地河流平均比降校核方法的探讨

2010—2012年第一次全国水利普查是新中国成立以来第一次全面的水利调查。普查共分8个专项,其中河湖普查开展最早,河湖普查是国务院第一次全国水利普查的主要任务,也是其他水利专项普查的基础。流域水系自然特征校核是河湖特征一项重要的工作,其中对于国普办提取的河流平均比降数据进行校核是一项重要的工作。     

Life under ice in the perennial ice‐covered Lake Glubokoe in Summer (East Antarctica)

This study focuses on hydrological and biotic variables in Lake Glubokoe, which is located in Thala Hills of Enderby Land (East Antarctica). Water and sediment samples and physical measurements were collected once a week in the austral summer (19 December 2010 – 6 February 2011). This lake exhibits perennial ice cover that reached a thickness of 2.5–2.7 m during the study period. A very low concentration of planktonic chlorophyll‐a (0.06–0.45 μg L^?1) was measured in the lake, indicating its ultra‐oligotrophic status. The water was poorly populated by algae and metazoans, especially in upper waters below ice cover to a depth of 2 m. Small planktonic organisms (2–5 μm) were observed throughout the study period, but larger organisms (>8 μm) such as the cyanobacteria Planktolyngbya limnetica occurred only during the warmest period (January). Only few individuals of metazoans (rotifers) were found in planktonic samples. Due to deep light penetration (10–15% of incoming active solar radiation reached the depth of 30 m), thick cyanobacterial mats (30 cm) cover all the bottom surface (grey silts) in the lake. Abundant benthic biota associated with these mats was found (up to 1000 ind. m^?2). Among the benthic metazoans, bdelloid rotifers and tardigrades were the dominating taxa. The results of this study suggest a typical ecological feature of most subglacial lakes in East Antarctica is that metazoans are very poor in the pelagic zone, preferring instead to occupy an area near the lake bottom because of a favourable constant temperature of 4 °C, good level of dissolved oxygen and available food resources as the bacterial detritus.     

碟形湖在鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的作用和意义

"碟形湖"是指鄱阳湖湖盆区内枯水季节显露于洲滩之中的季节性子湖泊,具有特殊的地貌特征和水文特性、复杂多变的湿地景观和丰富的生物多样性等特征.在碟形湖及其周边,湿生与水生植物群落有序分布、季节性演替;静水水域有利于底栖动物和鱼类生长育肥;缓慢下降的水位、逐渐伸展的泥滩为越冬候鸟持续提供丰富的食物和歇息环境,全湖80%以上的水鸟在碟形湖区域越冬.高低不一、分布广泛的碟形湖群有效地缓解了干旱、洪水灾害对鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的冲击,对于维护全球生态系统的完整性和生物多样性具有重要作用.最后提出了加强碟形湖保护和管理的对策.