江苏太湖流域降雨径流年际变化分析

以江苏太湖流域（1956—2012）降雨为基础,分析江苏太湖流域径流及时空变化特征,研究该流域降雨径流的年际年内变化及两者的变化关系。结果表明：降雨径流都呈增长趋势。降雨平均每10年增加29mm,径流平均每10年增加26mm;降雨在年内季节分配上,夏季、冬季呈加大趋势,春季、秋季呈减小趋势;加大的降水年内分配的不均导致径流在年内分配的更加不均匀,径流集中在汛期,汛期径流量约达年径流量的84．8％,加大了某季节内的洪水、干旱风险。     

太湖流域主要湖泊的水域动态变化

利用GIS和遥感技术对不同时期的地形图和遥感影像数据进行处理,获取3个时期(1971,1988,2002年)的太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积。结合多种文献资料,对太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积变化进行了研究,并分析了引起水域面积变化的主要因素。结果表明,1971~2002年期间太湖流域主要湖泊的水域面积减少了188.87 km2;湖泊水域面积减少的主要原因是由于人类活动的影响。在实地调查研究的基础上,对合理利用与保护湖泊水资源的对策进行了探讨。     

湖泊富营养化的生态修复策略

由于工业化的发展和人类生产活动的加剧,大量有机污染物不断排入湖泊并在其中积累,致使湖泊产生了富营养化现象,当前我国湖泊污染及富营养化问题非常严重。文中论述了湖泊富营养化的现状及危害,分析了产生的原因,指出生态修复是治理的最佳途径。因此,湖泊治理应该遵循先控源截污、后生态恢复,即先改善基础环境,后实施生态恢复的战略路线。     

River, reservoir and lake sediment contamination by heavy metals downstream from urban areas of Switzerland

This paper quantifies sediment contamination by heavy metals in four reservoirs and one lake located downstream from major urban areas in Switzerland. The waterbodies include the Wettingen Reservoir (located on the Limmat River downstream from Zürich), the Klingnau Reservoir (on the lower Aare River), the Wohlen Reservoir (downstream from Berne), the Verbois Reservoir (downstream from Geneva) and Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, city of Lausanne). For all sediment cores and contaminants, a trend is observed from high contaminant values in the lower part of the cores, decreasing to lower concentrations in the upper part of the cores. However, for each site and each element, specific features are recognized. Applying the criteria of the Swiss ordinance on soil protection, all sediment cores must be classified as contaminated by one or more contaminants and at variable levels. From these data, it is concluded that: reservoirs and lakes located downstream from major urban centres in Switzerland have accumulated significant volumes of contaminated sediments in the past, representing the largest, but not the most intensely, contaminated sites on a national scale; the main environmental risk is remobilization of the contaminants and their return to the food chain, particularly by infiltration into the groundwater; and although the processes of remobilization are identified, the conditions of occurrence and the amplitude of the processes are still poorly known. Different options of reservoir and lake sediment management also are discussed and further research topics defined.     

Management criteria for lake ecosystems applied to case studies of changes in nutrient loading and climate change

The aim of this paper is twofold: to present and discuss practically useful management criteria from different perspectives of lake management (fishery, recreation, conservation, monitoring of water quality and use of water for irrigation and drinking), and to put these criteria into the context of a holistic lake ecosystem model, LakeWeb, which accounts for production, biomasses, predation and abiotic/biotic feedbacks related to nine key functional groups of organisms constituting the lake ecosystem. These are phytoplankton, benthic algae, macrophytes, bacterioplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, predatory zooplankton, zoobenthos, prey fish and predatory fish. The LakeWeb model also includes a mass‐balance model for phosphorus and calculates bio‐uptake and retention of phosphorus in these groups of organisms. It also includes submodels for the depth of the photic zone and lake temperature. The LakeWeb model is driven by few and readily accessible driving variables and it has been extensively tested and shown to capture fundamental lake foodweb interactions very well, which should lend credibility to the scenarios discussed in this paper regarding the conditions in Lake Batorino, Belarus. The LakeWeb model offers a tool to address important, often very complex, scientific problems in a realistic manner. The first scenario describes the changes after 1990 when there was a drastic reduction in the use of fertilizers in agriculture because of political changes and the corresponding changes in lake characteristics and foodweb structures utilizing the given management criteria. The second scenario describes, for comparative purposes, the probable alterations in the lake foodweb related to global climatic changes; in this case, warming and increased temperature variations. This study indicates that there are several similarities between eutrophication and increases in temperatures, which are discussed in this paper along with the mechanistic reasons related to such changes by using a set of general management criteria.     

对淮河下游治理形势和任务的几点认识

洪泽湖是黄河南下夺淮的产物。新中国成立后通过兴建一系列的控制工程，使其成为真正意义上的一座巨型平原水库，并对淮河下游地区防洪安全和水资源供给产生了巨大影响。深入研究淮河与洪泽湖的关系．对促进淮河下游治理具有现实的意义。     

太湖五里湖生态恢复的理论与实践

在针对太湖五里湖水质严重污染和生态严重退化的情况,从分析浅水湖泊生态恢复的理论入手,提出生态恢复过程中控源减污、生境改善、生态重建、稳态调控的四个关键步骤,评价了西五里湖生态恢复示范工程的效果,计算了示范工程区水生植物覆盖度和生物多样性指数,指出达到景观要求的草型清水稳态湖泊还需要一个漫长的演替过程。     

荆江与洞庭湖汇流区演变分析

 对荆江与洞庭湖汇流区的水沙过程变化及河道演变等进行了分析，认为其主要的影响因素是江湖关系的调整变化、洞庭湖人工围垦和泥沙淤积、江湖汇流区下游河道变化以及上游来水来沙变化等。可供江、 湖治理和三峡枢纽下游河道可能发生的演变及工程措施的研究参考。     

荆江—洞庭湖水沙数学模型研究

在对复杂的荆江—洞庭湖水系进行概化的基础上，根据其中各节点和湖泊的实际情况，建立了对整个荆江—洞庭湖水系进行模拟计算的复杂河网水沙数学模型。采用1996年的相关资料进行了验证，结果表明，模型计算值与实测值吻合较好，说明本文对荆江—洞庭湖复杂边界条件的概化，特别是对湖泊调蓄作用的处理是比较符合实际情况的，模型可以模拟边界条件复杂的河网。运用该模型，可以计算出整个荆江—洞庭湖区域的洪水演进、泥沙淤积和河床变形情况，可供防洪调度以及江湖治理部门参考。