园林工程项目施工管理的成本控制研究

成本控制是通过指导、调节、监督和限制等手段对项目中所消耗的物质和人力资源以及其他开支费用进行控制,使得成本费用最优化,确保实现项目成本目标,使得企业在项目中获得最大的利润.本文简单阐述了园林工程成本控制的基本原则,介绍了几种成本控制的有效措施,结合案例说明成本控制的必要性.     

浙江开化森林生态博览园生态旅游开发研究

以浙江开化森林生态博览园为例,通过分析其庞大的客源市场、便捷的交通设施和强劲的旅游需求等,提出浙江开化森林生态博览园生态旅游的开发原则、主题定位及产品设计,并就生态旅游的开发提出了控制容量、生态建设和保持特色等相应的保障措施。     

基于降雨观测资料的山洪预警标准研究

山洪灾害是山区小流域发生频次最高危害最大的自然灾害,利用降雨观测资料及时进行山洪预警是山洪灾害避险的有效手段。本文从河道安全泄洪流量出发,提出了最小临界雨量和临界雨力的新概念和计算方法,并在此基础上构建了暴雨临界曲线,以降雨观测资料在暴雨临界曲线图上所处的位置作为山洪预警的判断标准,通过某小流域三场洪水暴雨资料的验证,证明其方法是合理的。用暴雨临界曲线作为山洪预警的判别方法易于农村干部群众掌握,适宜于山区小流域各地防范山洪灾害中使用推广。     

我国城市园林绿化管理的问题与建议

近年来,随着国民经济和社会发展步伐的加快,园林绿化事业得到了快速发展。但是在调查中也发现当前我国城市绿化管理存在许多问题,文章结合我国当前实际,分析了园林绿化管理中存在的问题,并提出了针对这些问题应采取的对策和建议。     

浅谈中日古典园林艺术

采用对比分析的方法,阐述中日古典园林形成差异的原因,对两国园林类型分类叙述,最后通过造园五大要素展开比较,进一步了解中日古典园林艺术的异同及各自的优秀品质。     

成为陌生人：作为陌生化与多义性空间的士人花园——以明清江南园记为中心

在作为个体空间的同时,明清士人花园出现了开放性的特征。在开放之园中士人如何保持个体之乐？本文通过对明清园记的话语分析,发现士人通过身体实践将自身在花园中转换为陌生人,获得身体与个体之乐,通过身体间性,士人将花园转换成逸出礼法空间的陌生化空间与异质空间。这种异质空间有其脆弱性,礼法空间渗透、支配其间,内部的竞争性话语又不断削弱花园的合法性。但这些话语同时可以被视为行动策略,花园在多义性空间的保护下维持和生产着陌生化空间。成为陌生人,是明清筑园实践的真实动力。     

生物多样性视角下城市闲置地的微更新探索——以临时社区花园为例

生物多样性在城市环境中发挥着重要的作用。作为城市闲置地微更新的常见方式,临时社区花园能够带来很高水平的生物多样性和生态系统服务,是城市优化绿色空间的良好途径之一。社区花园在改善闲置地生境质量的同时,也受到植被结构和管理维护水平等因素的影响。通过对临时社区花园典型案例的分析,探讨了灵活的城市闲置地微更新方式在我国城市的适用性。     

重庆山水园林城市建设的思考

重庆在建设山水园林城市的过程中,应将生态原理纳入其中。根据重庆酷暑炎热,夏季较长的气候特点,绿化建设时,应采取重林轻草的原则;根据重庆群山耸峙、层峦迭嶂、两江环绕、气势恢宏的地貌特征,形象定位时,应区别于苏州、杭州山水园林城市形象;根据重庆巴渝文化“顺应自然”的精神脉络,巴渝文化景观的开发时,应充分继承这一文化“脉络”,将人文景观的开发与自然景观有机地吻合起来,根据重庆是全国特大城市中唯一拥有原始森林的城市,在进行山水园林城市建设时,应考虑将市区、市郊、郊外、原生林带有机联系起来,建成一个敞开的绿色生态城。从而使其在地理地貌上别具一格的城市,在城市建设上也别具一格     

Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.     

An Iterative Process for International Negotiations on Acid Rain in Northern Europe Using a General Convex Formulation

This paper proposes a game theoretical approach of internationalnegotiations on transboundary pollution. This approach is distinguished bya discrete time formulation and by a suitable formulation of the localinformation assumption on cost and damage functions: at each stage of thenegotiation, the parties assign the best possible cooperative state, giventhe available information, as an objective for the next stage. It is shownthat the resulting sequences of states converges from a non-cooperativesituation to an international optimum in a finite number of stages.Furthermore, a financial transfer structure is also presented that makesthe desired sequence of states individually rational and stategically stable.The concepts are applied in a numerical simulation of the SO₂transboundary pollution problem related to acid rain in Northern Europe.