我国人口流动与中央财政转移支付相对力度的区域差异分析

为了缩小东中西部地区的发展差距,中央财政加大了对中西部地区的转移支付力度,但在促进区域经济发展收敛和实现地区财政均等化方面其效果如何,文章试图从一种新的视角加以分析与诠释。改革开放以来大规模的人口跨地区流动,特别是年轻劳动力从中西部地区向发达的东部地区流动,改变了各地区的人口结构和总扶养比,进而影响中央财政转移支付的实际效果。研究结果表明,由于西部地区总扶养比高于东部地区,中央财政对西部地区的转移支付相对力度反而低于东部地区。文章最后提出将地区人口负担差异纳入中央财政预算分析体系,通过增加中央财政对经济落后地区的转移支付促进地区经济增长收敛和提高地区财政帮扶的实效性。     

Income comparison and happiness: The role of fair income distribution

Relative income gap is one of the most popular approaches for explaining the income–happiness relationship. We argue in this article that when people compare their incomes, they care about distributional fairness more than relative income disparity. It is difficult for us to explain China's income–happiness paradox if we simply compare the income gap and do not explore the income‐generation process leading to income inequality. We therefore employ an approach based on a responsibility‐sensitive theory of justice that decomposes individual income into fair and unfair components. As a proxy for distributional unfairness, unfair income is considered the main source of unhappiness. Using data from the Chinese Household Income Project survey, we find strong support for the negative relationship between income unfairness and happiness. We also find a significantly positive relationship between the relative income gap and income unfairness, which leads us to consider the income comparison hypothesis as the explanation for the income–happiness paradox in a new light. Sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of our results.     

2002—2017年厦门市景观格局与热环境的时空耦合关系

基于2002、2007、2012、2017年4期Landsat遥感影像,应用景观生态学和统计分析相结合的方法,探讨了厦门景观格局对热环境的影响作用及其变化规律。结果表明,2002—2017年,厦门市相对地表温度(Relative Land Surface Temperature,RLST)呈上升趋势,城区的热岛效应逐步凸显;RLST较高的区域多为耕地、建设用地,RLST较低的区域多为绿地、水体;在类型层面,绿地的景观类型比例、最大斑块指数、聚集度指数、平均斑块面积、形状指数与相对地表温度呈负相关,斑块密度、边缘密度与RLST呈正相关。耕地、建设用地的景观指数与RLST均呈正相关;在景观层面,景观分割指数、形状指数、斑块密度、边缘密度、香浓均匀度指数与RLST呈正相关;景观优势度大、聚集度高的景观类型,如耕地、绿地、建设用地对RLST影响显著。随着城区的扩张与耕地的减少,建设用地景观格局对RLST的影响逐渐加强,而耕地景观格局对RLST的影响不断减弱;景观层面的景观格局对RLST的影响作用与不同景观类型总体的结构组分及空间构型有关。随着景观结构趋于复杂,景观层面的景观格局对RLST的影响逐渐增强。     

基于GIS技术的人居环境自然适宜性评价研究——以遵义市为例

以公里格网为基本单元,基于GIS技术,建立包括地形起伏度、温湿指数、水文指数和地被指数的人居环境自然适宜性评价模型,系统评价遵义市不同地区的人居环境自然适宜性与限制性。研究表明,遵义市人居环境以适宜性为主要特征,自然适宜程度整体呈现出由西北向东南递增的趋势,其中44.41%为一般适宜区、54.13%为比较适宜区以及极小比例为临界适宜区;遵义市人居环境自然条件较好,地形、地被、水文和气候对人口分布的限制性不明显,其中地形条件对人口分布的限制性最强,其次是地被条件。     

"绝对的相对",抑或"相对的绝对"——汤森和森的贫困理论比较

英国经济学家彼得·汤森认为贫困是因为缺乏资源而被剥夺了享有常规社会生活水平和参与正常社会生活的权利,提出相对贫困测量方法.但是阿马蒂亚·森对此提出了质疑,认为贫困在能力的范围内是绝对的,相对贫困只是绝对贫困的补充而不能替代绝对贫困,是一种绝对的相对贫困观.本文对两人的贫困理论进行了比较和归纳.     

驻马店市相对资源承载力分析

文章采用相对资源承载力的理论与方法,对1997～2006年的驻马店市相对土地资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合资源承载力进行了分析评价。结果表明,驻马店市近10年经济的持续增长是以自然资源的不断消耗为代价。由此得出,必须转变这种增长方式,走节约资源、保护环境的可持续发展道路。     

Neighbors' Income,Public Goods,and Well‐Being

How does neighbors' income affect individual well‐being? Our analysis is based on rich U.S. local data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which contains information on where respondents live and their self‐reported well‐being. We find that the effect of neighbors' income on individuals' self‐reported well‐being varies with the size of the neighborhood included. In smaller areas such as ZIP codes, we find a positive relationship between median income and individuals' life satisfaction, whereas it is the opposite at the county, MSA, and state levels. We provide evidence that local public goods and local area characteristics such as unemployment, criminality, and poverty rates drive the association between satisfaction and neighbors' income at the ZIP code level. The neighbors' income effects are mainly concentrated among poorer individuals and are as large as one quarter of the effect of own income on self‐reported well‐being.     

The role of transaction costs and risk aversion when selecting between one and two regimes for portfolio models

Estimation of the inputs is the main problem when applying portfolio analysis, and Markov regime-switching models have been shown to improve these estimates. We investigate whether the use of two-regime models remains superior across a range of values of risk aversion and transaction costs, in the presence of skewness and kurtosis and no short sales. Our results for US data suggest that, due to differences in their risk preferences and transactions costs, most retail investors may prefer to use one-regime models, while investment banks may prefer to use two-regime models.     

区域物流引力和地位模型的构建及应用研究

借鉴引力模型思想和引力势原理,结合区域物流涉及的经济、信息、能耗等因素,重构引力模型参数,构建了区域物流引力模型和区域物流地位模型。以中国31个省级区域2009年的统计数据为基础,测算了区域物流质量、区域间的物流引力、区域物流地位等指数值,划分区域物流引力类型、比较区域物流本底地位和相对地位,定量分析了区域间物流联系强度和区域物流发展水平,并提出了促进物流引力加强、区域物流低碳化发展的建议,对实现区域物流、经济协调发展具有一定的指导价值。     

COMPETITIVENESS AND STABILITY OF COLLUSIVE BEHAVIOR

We investigate the relationship between the degree of competition and the stability of collusive behaviour, by introducing the element of relative performance in the objective functions of the firms. We show that an increase in the degree of competition destabilizes the collusion. This relation differs starkly in the standard symmetric Cournot and Bertrand duopoly models, with the former being more unstable than the latter.