Downstream Ecological Impacts of Controlled Sediment Flushing in an Alpine Valley River: A Case Study

Sediment flushing may be effective to tackle the loss of reservoir storage as a result of siltation. When operationally possible, the impact of this practice on the downstream aquatic environment can be mitigated by limiting the sediment concentration of the discharged waters (controlled sediment flushing). However, this topic is poorly documented, and concerns arise when limits are discussed. We present the results of a 3‐year field investigation concerning the controlled sediment flushing of a small reservoir on the Adda River, the main tributary of Lake Como—Italy. Two limits for suspended solid concentration (SSC) were adopted: 1.5 g L^?1, as average value throughout the whole working day, and 3.0 g L^?1, as alert threshold to adjust the ongoing activity. These constraints were essentially fulfilled in the course of the documented operations. The first year sediment flushing was more significant than the following year: 25 000 tons of fines below 2 mm in diameter were flushed in six non‐consecutive days in summer 2010, while, one year earlier, 75 000 tons were flushed in 16 non‐consecutive days. In the third year of investigation (2011), no sediment evacuation took place. The benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities were surveyed a short distance below the reservoir, that is, in the potentially more affected river reach. Clear pieces of evidence of environmental quality degradation were not detected; the adopted strategies can therefore be considered to be appropriate when planning sediment flushing management in comparable contexts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combined Effects of Reservoir Operations and Climate Warming on the Flow Regime of Hydropower Bypass Reaches of California's Sierra Nevada

Alterations to flow regimes from regulation and climatic change both affect the biophysical functioning of rivers over long time periods and large spatial areas. Historically, however, the effects of these flow alteration drivers have been studied separately. In this study, results from unregulated and regulated river management models were assessed to understand how flow regime alterations from river regulation differ under future climate conditions in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Four representative flow alteration metrics—mean annual flow, low flow duration, centroid timing and mean weekly rate of decrease—were calculated and statistically characterized under historical and future unregulated and regulated conditions over a 20‐year period at each of the eight regulated river locations below dams across the Sierra Nevada. Future climatic conditions were represented by assuming an increase in air temperature of 6 °C above historical (1981–2000) air temperatures, with no change in other meteorological conditions. Results indicate that climate warming will measurably alter some aspects of the flow regime. By comparison, however, river regulation with business‐as‐usual operations will alter flow regimes much more than climate warming. Existing reservoirs can possibly be used to dampen the anticipated effects of climate warming through improved operations, though additional research is needed to identify the full suite of such possibilities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

溃口近区二维数值模拟与溃坝洪水演进耦合

基于黏土心墙砂石坝的溃决过程,以及溃坝洪水传播和运动的特性,建立黑河金盆水库大坝溃口近区二维数值模型和下游地区溃坝洪水演进耦合数学模型。使用DAMBRK法计算逐渐溃坝,并应用其结果进行后续模拟。采用Abbott-Ionescu六点隐式有限差分格式求解一维模型,采用单元中心的有限体积法求解二维模型方程。采用侧向连接方式,将黑河两岸计算水位点与二维网格单元相连,实现一、二维模型的耦合。采用所建立的二维模型对溃口近区进行计算与模拟,得到计算区域某一时刻的水深及流速分布。应用所建耦合模型对黑河金盆水库万年一遇入库洪水漫顶致溃坝洪水进行数值模拟,得到一维河道内各断面的水位和流量变化过程,以及二维计算区域内不同时刻的水深分布图、流速矢量图和淹没范围变化过程。溃口的形成过程不仅包括漫顶水流的直接作用,同时包括溃口形成过程中两侧漩涡状水流的反冲刷作用。耦合模型可以同时兼顾河道内的水流变化以及河道外计算区域内的洪水演进过程,从而减少由于计算结果偏大或偏小所带来的防洪资源浪费和防洪措施不利等不良影响。     

三峡枢纽排漂孔及泄洪孔过流面检修装备方案研究

针对三峡工程排漂孔及泄洪孔过流面墙壁的检修分别提出了多种专用检修装备方案。经过分析比较,得出安全合理的检修装备方案。排漂孔检修方案:闸室段侧墙用升降台车,斜坡段侧墙采用单梁吊篮,排漂孔底板采用双侧单台车;泄洪深孔检修方案:闸室段和斜坡段侧墙采用升降台车检修,底面与排漂孔检修方案相同。     

基于二维水流-水质数学模型计算的飞来峡水库动态纳污能力研究

根据飞来峡库区水动力特征,选取库区水功能区纳污能力设计条件,采用二维水流-水质数学模型计算确定了库区纳污能力,为库区纳污总量控制和制定限排总量提供依据。     

桑干河干流河道治理水文分析

山西省桑干河地处大同盆地,为稳定河势、疏通河道、提高防洪标准,拟对桑干河干流河道进行治理,阐述了桑干河干流各段设计洪水计算方法及计算成果,为桑干河干流河道治理提供参考依据。     

城市需水的智能预测方法研究

选取对城市用水影响较大的因素作为预测指标,通过HP滤波分析其指标及用水量的趋势成分及波动成分。应用多元线性回归法对趋势性成分进行模拟,应用模糊神经网络对波动性成分进行网络训练,以获得城市需水的总预测值。以大连市1980~2000年用水及其相关因子为例建模,以2001~2007年指标对模型进行检验,预测了大连市2010、2020年的需水值,为城市水资源规划提供一定的理论支持。     

洪水位变化对岸滩稳定性的影响

为了较全面地了解洪水涨落对岸滩崩塌的影响,本文通过对洪水期岸滩受力分析,结合岸滩土体性质和洪水浸泡岸滩特点,给出洪水期岸滩稳定系数;进而分析了洪水降落期岸滩稳定性变化,指出洪水骤降时,长期洪水浸泡后黏土岸滩稳定系数将会大幅度减小;在洪水缓慢降落时,黏性岸滩稳定性减小,但减小幅度小于骤降的情况。通过分析对比洪水上涨、洪水浸泡和洪水降落等不同过程的稳定性,指出洪水迅速上涨期岸滩稳定性最好,依次为洪水缓慢上涨期、洪水浸泡期和洪水缓慢下降期,洪水骤降期岸滩稳定性最差。     

河道型水库富营养化及水华调控方法和关键技术

本文提出了河道型水库富营养化及水华调控的系统研究方法,重点探讨了水利水电工程影响下的河道型水库富营养化及水华监测、模拟及调控方法及关键技术,包括流域水环境监测评估与水华预警系列技术,大型水库多维、多场耦合富营养化模拟系统,以及改善河道型水库支流库湾水温层化进而抑制水华暴发的调控方法等,以期为抑制河道型水库支流库湾水华暴发、改善水库水质提供参考和依据。     

水害损失函数与洪涝损失评估

建立简便有效的洪涝灾害损失评价方法对灾害损失进行及时准确的评估,对于防洪减灾和洪水管理十分必要。洪涝损失一般可借助损失函数来描述。本文从洪涝灾害损失作用机理出发,分析了洪涝损失呈S形曲线,通过数学推导构建了基于双曲正切函数的洪涝损失模型,阐述了函数选择的依据,明确了参数的物理意义和定值方法。将汛期降水量作为自变量引入模型,构建了基于实物量的长江三角洲洪涝损失函数,以规避价值量和损失率函数参数确定的主观性。基于实测数据和数值分析方法,拟合汛期降水量与实物量损失关系曲线,确定参数,保证了关键参数确定的客观性。通过建立受灾面积与总损失的线性回归方程,估算了2009—2012年洪涝损失,实例说明了所建立的损失函数评估洪涝损失的可行性。