The cost of elections: the effects of public sector austerity on electoral integrity and voter engagement

Concerns have been raised that insufficient funding has been affecting the delivery of elections in many countries. This paper presents a case study of England and Wales from 2010–2016. It demonstrates that many local authorities saw major real terms cuts and were increasingly over-budget. Those subject to cuts were less likely to undertake public engagement activities. State efforts to encourage voter participation may therefore be a casualty of austerity.     

A Multicriteria Approach for Modeling Small Enterprise Credit Rating: Evidence from China

ABSTRACT

As the engine of China’s economy, small enterprises have been the central to the country’s economic development. However, given the characteristics of the small enterprises loan (i.e., short borrowing period, large volume, small amount and incomplete information), it is extremely challenging for financial institutions to assess their creditworthiness. Thus, it seriously delays and restricts the financing access for small enterprises. In an attempt to relieve the financing difficulty of small enterprises, this article makes use of 687 small wholesale and retail enterprises in a regional commercial bank in China, to establish a credit rating indicator system composed of 17 indicators by using both partial correlation analysis and probit regression. It then utilizes TOPSIS together with fuzzy C-means to score the credit ratings of our sample of small enterprises. With the dual test of default discrimination and ROC curve, the prediction accuracy of the established indicator system has reached 80.10% and 0.917, respectively, indicating the robustness and validity of our credit rating system.     

反向营销和反向拍卖式供应商关系管理比较分析

产品的独特性、产品对企业的重要性、企业的采购量、供应市场状况、供应商的讨价还价能力和企业风险影响供应商关系管理策略。反向营销和反向拍卖是两种不同的供应商关系管理理念,不过全球经济一体化和技术的发展决定了企业中的多数产品既可以实行反向拍卖策略,也可以实行反向营销策略。从直接采购成本、直接交易成本、关系处理成本和供应处理成本四类供应商关系成本以及两类关系收益(成本收益和收入收益)的角度探讨了两种供应商关系管理模式的选择。     

The Rocky Road to Legacy: Lessons from the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa Stadium Program

This article describes how the management and organization of the South African 2010 FIFA World Cup stadium program shaped the current legacy of an oversupply of overdesigned and underutilized stadiums. The article identifies seven key factors that explain the differences between expected benefits and the actual legacy. Identification of these factors contributes to the increasing academic interest in explaining the poor legacy outcomes of mega‐events. In conclusion, we recommend that future host country governments defragment their stadium programs by establishing a World Cup Delivery Authority (WCDA), with responsibility for the leadership and coordination of the stadium program.     

高校实验室建设与管理模式的研究

实验室作为高校进行实践教学活动的重要场所,在提高教学质量,培养学生实践能力和创新思维方面起着举足轻重的作用。加强实验室建设和管理模式的研究,不仅有助于整体实践教学水平的提高,也有利于学术理论的创新。本文通过对高校实验室的分析,在实验室在建设和管理方面提引入了系统化的思想,并提出了针对性的解决意见。     

Adam Smith on lotteries: an interpretation and formal restatement

The paper concerns a neglected aspect of the Wealth of Nations (with the notable exception of D. Levy 1999 Levy, D. M. 1999. “Adam Smith’s Katallactic Model of Gambling: Approbation from the Spectator.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1017/S1053837200002868.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), dealing directly with decision under risk. In a few pages from book I, chapter 10, Adam Smith explicitly named “lotteries” various objects of choice (possible occupations, or investment opportunities, for instance) and provided an analysis which standard expected utility glasses would hardly fit. Taking this into account allows a better understanding of the part played by typical characters like the “projector” or the “sober man”, in such matters as Smith’s conception of entrepreneurship or of the credit market. The use of some modern concepts in decision analysis (inverse stochastic dominance, rank dependent utility, prudence toward risk), is a means to show the existence, in Smith’s work, of an original theory from decision under risk, where his analysis of lotteries in the Wealth of Nations is consistent with statements from his moral philosophy on asymmetric sensitivity to gains and losses and to the regulating part played by the impartial spectator.     

新疆旅游业人力资源开发与管理研究

新疆旅游业人力资源开发与管理应做好以下工作：充分发挥地方政府和旅游主管部门的指导作用;加强旅：薛从业人员的队伍建设;完善旅游教育培训体系;培育旅游人力资源市场体系;转变人力资源管理观念,完善管理职能,实行有效激励。     

国际物资采购与物流体系发展趋势

概述了国际物资采购与物流体系发展的趋势;着重分析了全球化采购趋势、电子化采购趋势以及物流业务外包趋势。     

小区建设项目管理规划研究

从项目管理工作的实际出发，借鉴房地产行业的项目管理成功经验，运用管理学的理论和方法。总结了某小区的项目管理及其开发工作整体运作过程。从前期选址、可行性研究到决策，以及从设计到施．工和竣工验收各个环节，全面分析小区建设项目的管理规划及控制要点。