Groundwater quality monitoring overview

A study was made to develop an approach to designing a groundwater-quality network for implementation by Mexico's Comisión Nacional del Agua (CNA) under support funding from The World Bank's (1996) PROMMA program. The network-design conceptualization and guidelines were based in part upon review of CNA's past and existing monitoring programs in measurement of water levels as well as measurements and analyses of groundwater quality. The principal focus used for this network-design framework rather was derived from identification of specific monitoring-program information needs. Also, a detailed review has been made of available reports and technical materials describing the nature, extent, and management of Mexico's groundwater resources and groundwater-quality impacts. This physical-based approach complemented a socioeconomic-based methodology being developed concurrently. Specific selection criteria and recommendations were made regarding network design components, in terms of monitoring locations, scheduling, and variables (parameters). Understandably, this preliminary design methodology, when implemented, should take into consideration somewhat realistic levels of effort that are judged to be fiscally sustainable by CNA over the near term. Moreover, some guidance also is provided in the case of fiscal or capacity-building limits of monitoring-program efforts.     

多元因子分析模型在河流健康评价中的应用——以苏子河水质特性研究为例

为顺应河流生态可持续发展,提出健康河流、生命河流等概念,维持河流生态系统健康已经成为流域综合管理的必然趋势。综合运用水文学、水力学、泥沙地貌学和水生生态学的基本理论和方法研究河流生态健康的表征因子,确定各因子的阈值,建立流域性水体水质可续发展评价体系。以河流可持续发展为基础,引用代表性的相关指标进行筛选,对流域水质指标进行数值化分析,以苏子河流域水质特性为研究对象,选取出评估河流健康状况的环境因子,客观反映出中小河流域健康状况,为河流的可持续管理和生态环境建设提供参考。     

河流生态修复技术和实践

河流生态修复的理念逐渐被人们所认知,一些符合生态修复理念的规划设计方法在工程建设中被逐步采用。在水利部科技创新项目和地方政府的支持下,一些河流生态修复示范工程取得了很好的建设效果并发挥了良好的示范效应。文中结合几个案例,介绍近几年在河流生态修复技术和实践方面所取得的部分进展。     

穿河管道安全性研究分析

以典型的河道底部沟堤穿河管段为研究对象,通过试验研究和理论分析,对河流河势、洪水特性及防护覆盖层与穿河管段安全性之间的关系进行研究,并对试验研究和工程设计中应解决的主要问题,进行分析论述,可供类似的穿河管道安全性研究和工程设计借鉴,以便找到较符合实际的穿河管道的设计方法。     

Transforming River Basin Management in South Africa

Abstract

This paper analyzes the transformation of river basin management in South Africa by focusing on the political processes involved in the creation of new water management bodies and irrigation infrastructure in the Lower Komati sub-basin. Institutional reform is described and analyzed in terms of the collaboration theory of Gray (1985). Attention is paid to the absence of mutual collaboration in the water domain through the analysis of three phases that are characteristic of collaborative management: problem setting, direction setting, and structuring. The perceptions and strategies of stakeholders in the change process are informed by the skewed access to land and water, the protracted struggle for redress of historical inequities, the quest for autonomy in water management by commercial farmers, and large political power differentials. This has resulted in differential access to decision making and political influence and in the materialization of these skewed relations in water control technology. The reluctance of stakeholders to explicitly recognize their interdependence and the role of the state as the convener of the change process has hampered the emergence of a shared appreciation of the problems in the water domain. Despite efforts by government to move towards equitable and inclusive water management, little redress of past inequities has taken place, and the majority of small farmers are uninformed and excluded from the change process. This suggests that the proposed Catchment Management Agency will not be representative nor attain equitable water management unless a well-conceived redistribution of water entitlements and land rights is carried out as part of an encompassing program to strengthen political democracy.     

HEC-RAS在柳川河二期工程水力计算中的应用

介绍了HEC-RAS的主要功能,针对柳川河的现状,利用该软件进行河道与交叉建筑物联合建模、洪水因子输入、流态选择。通过计算比对验证了软件建立桥梁模型的可靠性,通过分析结果数据中的水力要素,确定了河道防护措施,保障了河道行洪安全。     

东庄水库岩溶渗漏几个关键问题的探讨

东庄水库坝址库首2.7 km碳酸盐岩库段渗漏问题是制约东庄水库建设的关键技术问题之一,也是多方研究和争论的焦点。在回顾历次勘察和研究阶段关于岩溶渗漏问题的成果和认识的基础上,结合2010年以来开展的勘测工作和最新研究成果,对东庄水库岩溶渗漏密切相关的地下水径流场、筛珠洞泉水、深岩溶发育和悬托河等几个关键问题进行了探讨。综合勘察与研究表明,东庄坝址具备成库建坝条件,经防渗处理后,水库岩溶渗漏问题可以得到有效控制,不会发生大的渗漏问题。     

截流钢筋笼的稳定性及其计算方法

对实践中常用到的正六面体钢筋笼的稳定性从质量、形状以及有无垫底材料等方面进行了试验研究及工程实例验证。首次拟合提出了考虑其形状因素、河床糙度因素的正六面体钢筋笼止动流速和起动流速的计算公式,经试验验证具有较高的计算精度和实用性。此外,对四面体钢筋笼的稳定性也进行了试验研究,研究表明:四面体钢筋笼用于截流抛投这类止动问题的工程时,其止动稳定性明显优于相同质量的正六面体钢筋笼;而对于护底等起动问题的工程,两者起动稳定性差别不大。     

框架结构护岸新技术在城市河道中的应用

好溪堰河是贯穿浙江省丽水市主城区的一条千年古河道,在河道整治过程中,受制于河道周边的密集建筑物,传统的河道护岸技术均难以同时满足水利、市政、交通及景观的多元化要求。在分析其他创新河道护岸技术特点及存在问题的基础上,提出了适用于城市河道的桩柱式、框柱式两种框架结构护岸新技术,这两种护岸在维护河道周边建筑物稳定的同时,均具有不加深河床就可拓宽河道过流断面、不减少河岸用地、保持岸路畅通、改善水质及生态效果、提高亲水性等优点,在丽水好溪堰河水系整治工程中应用较为成功。     

稳步推进长江流域综合管理的思考

在分析国外流域管理发展历程与现状的基础上,介绍了流域综合管理的概念、内涵、目标和任务。针对长江流域涉水事务管理现状和存在问题,从健全管理法规、创新管理体制、建立管理机制、完善管理制度、加强执法监督、提升管理能力等六个方面提出了推进长江流域综合管理的对策和措施。