Outstanding problems in river regulation

Integrated river basin management has been the backcloth against which river regulation has been practiced in England and Wales for the past 14 years. Its success is reviewed and the forthcoming changes in legislation are critically examined. A number of problems facing the emergent National Rivers Authority are discussed. The need for co-operation rather than conflict is advocated wherever environment is to be protected and when competing pressures impact on river resources. A number of technical issues remain unresolved and the need for continuing work is recognized.     

Possible economic impacts of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation: an application of <Emphasis Type="Italic">FUND</Emphasis>

Climate change can lead to a substantial reduction of the strength of the thermohaline circulation in the world oceans. This is often thought to have severe consequences particularly on the North Atlantic region and Northern and Western Europe. The integrated assessment model FUND is used to estimate the extent of these impacts. The results indicate that, owing to a slower warming (rather than cooling) of the regions most affected by a thermohaline circulation collapse, climate change induced damages in these regions would be smaller in case of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation. However, even with a thermohaline circulation collapse, the total and marginal impacts of climate change are negative.JEL Classification: Q510, Q540We are grateful to Till Kuhlbrodt for providing the CLIMBER data and to Andre Krebber for processing them. The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research through the INTEGRATION project, the US National Science Foundation through the Center for Integrated Study of the Human Dimensions of Global Change (SBR-9521914) and the Michael Otto Foundation provided welcome financial support.     

塔里木河流域水文动态数据库管理信息系统设计

依据现代管理学理念,从系统控制的角度出发,借助于计算机技术,建议建立塔里木河流域水文动态数据库管理信息系统。在建立水文数据库的基础上,开发相应的管理信息系统,以期实现对塔里木河水文数据的动态管理,进而建立对塔里木河水资源利用的决策支持。     

Measuring the Implementation of Codes of Conduct. An Assessment Method Based on a Process Approach of the Responsible Organisation

More and more organisations formulate a code of conduct in order to stimulate responsible behaviour among their members. Much time and energy is usually spent fixing the content of the code but many organisations get stuck in the challenge of implementing and maintaining the code. The code then turns into nothing else than the notorious "paper in the drawer", without achieving its aims. The challenge of implementation is to utilize the dynamics which have emerged from the formulation of the code. This will support a continuous process of reflection on the central values and standards contained in the code. This paper presents an assessment method, based on the EFQM model, which intends to support this implementation process.     

Effects of health information on Nordic meat and fish demand

Increasing public concerns about health risks associated with dietary intakes of cholesterol are expected to have significant impacts on the demand for foods with high fat content. This paper investigates how information about cholesterol, as measured by two newly constructed indices based on published medical research, has affected the demand for meats (beef, chicken and pork) and fish in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden). To compare the effects of information across countries and over time, the demand equations for all the countries are estimated within one system, and a complete set of price and expenditure elasticities is estimated. Our findings suggest that health information has affected consumption in a healthy way in all countries studied except for Denmark. We find positive effects on the demand for chicken in Finland, Norway and Sweden and for fish in Finland and Sweden. A negative effect on the demand for beef in Sweden also is found. First version received: May 2001/Final version received: December 2001 RID="*" ID="*"  The authors would like to thank Wen S. Chern and Bj?rn Sl?en for their assistance in the construction of the health information indices. The suggestions of two anonymous referees have also been of great assistance. The EU (contract FAIRS-CT97-3373) and the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 134018/110) provided financial support for this research.”     

建立线性相关方程的最小距离平方和法

介绍了建立线性相关方程的最小距离平方和法(简称最小距离和法).它综合考虑X及Y方向离差,使点(x,y)到相关直线距离平方和最小,由此确定线性相关关系的定量关系--线性方程.与常用的图解法相比,本法所得成果较为客观;与传统的单方向(x或y方向)最小二乘回归法相比,本法所求线性方程不会因坐标系的选取而改变,可称为相关方程.最后应用横山和沙河水库资料给出了算例,并进行了初步讨论.     

模糊数学在标准评估中的应用

简述了如何将模糊数学方法应用于对标准进行综合评估的过程;分析了各种类型标准及处在各阶段的标准所具有的特点,提出应选择的评判因素,并结合实例叙述了标准评估的步骤。使用此方法可将各方专家的模糊评价语言进行数学处理,实现了对标准的多方面、多层次的综合定量评估。     

基于完整性管理的油气管道施工质量评价

基于施工质量在管道完整性管理中的重要作用,提出了对油气管道施工质量进行科学合理评价的新方法。并对影响管道施工质量的焊接、防腐和埋设三个主要方面及其相关的质量影响因素进行了简要分析。根据实际情况与专家打分,应用多级模糊综合评价模型对某一埋地管道施工质量进行了综合评价。最后对提高施工质量提出了参考建议。     

电力企业定量风险评估理论方法探讨

电力企业定量风险评估(QRA)是一项涵盖并以安全工程、可靠性工程、风险分析等为基础的综合研究。针对电力工业自身的特点及电力市场化改革的进程,阐述了电力企业QRA的基本思想、流程框架、主要工作内容及基本方法。通过实施QRA,可帮助电力企业全面识别风险,有利于电力企业将风险水平控制在规定水平之内,并针对风险作出正确、合理的决策。     

关于石化行业炼油技术经济指标核算的思考

通过对炼油技术经济指标核算过程的分析，阐明统一核算标准（包括统一物料编码、数据整合准则及分摊规范等）是考核评价体系中非常重要且不可缺少的内容。只有确立了通用规范，消除不同核算方式的差异，才能正确评价企业的专业运营水平，从而使得考核评价体系真正有效发挥作用。