对外直接投资对我国高新区技术创新溢出效应的研究——以武汉东湖高新技术开发区为例

利用2005—2013年武汉东湖高新区的相关数据,对研究吸引外商直接投资（Inward Foreign Direct Investment,简称IFDI）技术外溢效应对我国高科技产业园的技术创新能力的影响。选取了人力资本与贸易开放度作为高新区内的吸收能力的衡量指标,以考察这两个因素对IFDI对技术创新的溢出效应所产生的影响。研究结果表明,高新区IFDI对区内的技术创新存在显著地负向溢出效应,而且高新区研发人员比重与IFDI的技术溢出效应没有呈现出显著的关联性;而贸易开放度对IFDI对区内的技术创新的溢出效应起到了显著的促进作用。在此基础上,对提高对外直接投资对我国高新区技术创新的溢出效应提出了几点建议。     

基于属性识别模型的湖泊富营养化评价

为合理地确定湖泊的富营养化状态,从属性识别理论出发,建立了湖泊富营养化评价的属性识别模型,并结合熵权法确定的权重系数对东昌湖的富营养化状态进行评价。评价结果为各湖区全年均属于富营养化级别,并且7月份的富营养化程度最高,12月份次之,4月份最低,这与集对分析法和模糊识别方法评价的结果一致。表明该模型的评价结果是合理的;同时该模型简便、易懂,可作为湖泊富营养化评价的一种可行方法。     

Review of the natural conditions and anthropogenic threats to the Ethiopian Rift Valley rivers and lakes

This review article considers the lakes found within the Ethiopian Rift Valley system and the rivers draining from the highlands towards them. The Ethiopian Rift Valley system extends in a north‐east–south‐west direction, bisecting the Ethiopian highlands. They differ in sizes and hydrological and hydrogeological settings. The lakes support a variety of flora and fauna, mainly fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. The lakes and their feeder rivers, however, are currently being subjected to more human use pressure than previously experienced, attributable mainly to water abstractions for irrigation, household water supply and industrial activities in the catchments. Soil erosion, primarily attributable to the lack of soil conservation practices on farm lands, overgrazing and deforestation, along with unregulated irrigation practices, are generating large quantities of silt reaching the lakes. Improper utilization of water and land resources in the catchments, along with population growth and climate change impacts, is escalating the threats to the health of the lake and river ecosystems. As a result, some of the lakes exhibited reduced water levels and increased salinity. This article reviews the major environmental changes happening to these lakes and their feeder rivers. Visits were made to the area to update previous information while also consolidating the trends of change in the aquatic systems and the watersheds attributed to intense development practices.     

江苏省阳澄淀泖区水资源调度最低目标水位研究

采用江苏省阳澄淀泖区湘城和陈墓水文站1971—2007年的逐日实测水位数据,用P-Ⅲ型适线法分析汛期和非汛期不同频率下的水位,结合区域引排控制水位、防洪限制水位等因素,确定了阳澄区汛期、非汛期的最低目标水位为2.6 m、2.5 m,淀泖区为2.55 m、2.45 m。由航运最低水位、生态水位等进行复核,证明确定的最低目标水位是合理的。最后通过最低目标水位与太湖流域水量模型计算的水位进行可达性分析,结果说明区域现状水资源调度还不能保证各区在不同年型下的水资源总需求量,今后需加强水资源优化调度。     

明渠水流阻力研究现状分析

只有正确深入地把握水流阻力规律,才能掌握解决水力学及河流动力学中各种实际问题的主动性。本文通过系统评述和研究分析前人成果,对相关问题有所澄清。历史上曾经影响较大且不需要调整参数的杜博公式、艾特魏因公式、曼宁第二公式,可反映曼宁公式所代表的平均情况,但难以像曼宁公式那样能够适应自然界复杂多变的摩阻特性。至于巴辛公式,若将其河道粗糙特征的系数与曼宁糙率系数建立关系,同样能够适用于水流阻力计算。对于动床阻力问题,众多学者已认识到水流强度、河床形态的变化及流体中含沙浓度的重要影响,也通过不同角度建立了一些经验或半经验公式。为能找出实用性强或精度高的计算公式,还必须注重分析水流、河床与泥沙运动之间相互影响的内在机理,尤其需要在各种因子的影响机理及计算途径上开展深入研究。     

IDENTIFICATION OF FLUVIAL WOOD USING GOOGLE EARTH

Fluvial wood has long been known to enhance stream complexity by creating aquatic habitat and by increasing complexity in channel hydraulics and morphology. Although the presence and dynamics of large wood in river floodplains have been studied in a multitude of settings due to its importance in monitoring and managing ecohydrologic systems, limitations occur when studying fluvial wood on a basin scale. I postulate that with the employment of Google Earth, satellite images may be used to identify large wood and measure floodplain width across broader spatial scales previously inhibited by expensive and incomplete geospatial data. In this study, large wood was correctly identified within the floodplain of the Queets River, Washington, USA, through Google Earth; however, correct identification within the wetted channel was only possible during low flow if at least 50% was above water level. Within the study area, fluvial channel widths are measured as well. Google Earth proves to be an effective tool to discern large wood across greater spatial scales if the high‐resolution imagery is available for the study area. Results of statistical analyses derived from the downstream hydraulic geometry of the river reveal that this channel is influenced by bankfull width, the orientation of the wood to the channel, and whether it is located on a bar or within the wetted channel. In addition, wood counts analyzed in the context of the geometry of the river indicate that the fluvial wood has an influence on overall channel behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江城陵矶—螺山河段水位高及原因分析

长江城螺河段水位８０年代以来较５０－６０年代明显抬高，一般估水位抬高，１．２０－１．５０m，高水位抬高0.50-0.76m，城陵矶水位在受到顶托时抬高可达1.80m以上，本文依据40年来荆江及洞庭湖间水量，沙量等实测资料对这一问题进行了全面分析，分析结果表明，发生这种变化的原因主要是下荆江裁弯后中速了三口的萎缩，江湖关系与下荆江出口河势发生变化所致，这一分析成果可为制定长江防洪规划提供科学依据。     

基于马尔科夫模型的太湖水质综合评价

对2000—2005年太湖整个湖区水质监测资料进行分析,得出不同湖区水质浓度均值,采用灰色聚类法对各湖区水质进行评价,并根据马尔科夫模型计算各湖区水质季节变化的相对进步度。结果表明:太湖水质的时空差异性较大,竺山湖和梅梁湾的水质最差,为Ⅴ类,而东太湖和东部湖区水质相对较好,为Ⅱ类;不同的水质指标中,NH3-N的空间差异性最大,TN、TP,CODMn的空间差异性相对较小,表明城镇污水是太湖的主要外源污染;竺山湖和梅梁湾的水质季节性变化最大,在夏秋季水质相对较好,冬春季水质相对较差,其他湖区的水质季节性变化很小。     

黄河流域干旱区湖泊冰封期浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因子研究

为研究黄河流域上游干旱地区湖泊冰封期浮游植物群落结构及影响因子,选取干旱区典型湖泊——乌梁素海、奈伦湖为研究对象,于2019年3月冰封期进行采样调查,分析冰封期湖泊营养状态特征与浮游植物物种组成、数量及多样性指数,利用冗余分析(RDA)揭示浮游植物物种与环境因子影响关系,并运用方差分解分析主要环境因子的影响程度。结果表明,冰封期水体浮游植物共6门21属29种,其中硅藻12属16种,占据全部物种的55.2%;不同采样点浮游植物数量、生物量变化范围为3.2×10~4～1.4×10~5cells/L和0.047～0.328 mg/L,主要优势种以尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、美丽星杆藻(Asterionella formosa)、双头辐节藻(Stauroneis anceps)等硅藻为主;不同浮游植物多样性指数H′范围0.70～1.74,介于中度污染,表明研究湖泊浮游植物多样性相对较差;不同采样点位之间浮游植物群落相似性主要处于Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级,即极不相似和轻度相似,表明各采样点之间浮游植物群落结构具有较为明显的差异。RDA分析结果表明,影响浮游植物物种分布的主要环境因子水温、总氮和硝酸盐;方差分解分析进一步显示,营养因子(总氮和硝酸盐)单独对优势种物种分布解释量达到33.66%,理化因子(水温)单独对优势种物种分布解释量达到13.24%。     

Degradation of Lake Ziway,Ethiopia: A study of the environmental perceptions of school students

Lake Ziway in Ethiopia is a freshwater lake supporting multitude uses, including irrigation, fishing, water supply and recreation. However, the lake is being degraded primarily because of various land‐ and water‐use activities in its watershed. Recognizing these human impacts on the lake's water quality and quantity, the perceptions of school students were surveyed under the belief that the future of the lake is largely dependent on this younger generation. The goal of this study was to better understand how students actually recognize the extent to which various human activities impact the water quantity and quality of Lake Ziway. As major stakeholders in their communities, the perceptions of school students from four high schools regarding the changes to the lake over time were investigated. Students were contacted by purposive sampling, based on criteria of student academic performances, and their proximity to the lake. Their perceptions were studied on the basis of an interview survey. The majority of students indicated that high levels of human activities, especially water abstractions and water pollution, were the main lake impacts. Students believe there is a lack of sustainable utilization and protection of the lake. They suggested coordinated activities among all lake stakeholders in the participation and decision‐making process to properly manage the lake. Provision of awareness to both local administrations and local communities, concern for establishing an appropriate regulatory body and allocating a sufficient budget, and strict controls on flower farm practices in the lakeshore, also was considered to be of high priority as a means of conserving the sustainability of the lake. The result derived from this survey has important implications for facilitating improved school curricula, and for federal, regional and district level water resource management authorities, in setting priorities and developing policies for the sustainability of Lake Ziway.