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21.
22.
Paul F. Hanley Author Vitae 《Socio》2007,41(2):163-179
This article studies the relationship between school district size and bus transportation costs, and estimates the change in such costs when a statewide policy of consolidation is pursued. To explore this relationship, we develop a multiple-objective model and solution procedure that combines a geographic aggregation and bus routing heuristic to generate consolidation scenarios. The heuristic was developed to explicitly consider efficiency, effectiveness, and equity objectives, and can be applied in both urban and rural states. The scenarios will generate average statewide bus transportation costs. As applied to the State of Iowa, within the legislature's proposed range of consolidation of 500-1000 students, it was found that transportation operational and capital cost increases range from 0.6 to 10.6 percent and 0.7 to 7.7 percent, respectively. 相似文献
23.
A survey on pickup and delivery problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper is the first part of a comprehensive survey on pickup and delivery problems. Basically,
two problem classes can be distinguished. The first class, discussed in this paper, deals with the transportation
of goods from the depot to linehaul customers and from backhaul customers to the depot. This class is denoted
as Vehicle Routing Problems with Backhauls (VRPB). Four subtypes can be considered, namely the Vehicle Routing
Problem with Clustered Backhauls (VRPCB – all linehauls before backhauls), the Vehicle Routing Problem
with Mixed linehauls and Backhauls (VRPMB – any sequence of linehauls and backhauls permitted), the
Vehicle Routing Problem with Divisible Delivery and Pickup (VRPDDP – customers demanding delivery
and pickup service can be visited twice), and the Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Delivery and
Pickup (VRPSDP – customers demanding both services have to be visited exactly once). The second class,
dealt with in the second part of this survey, refers to all those problems where goods are transported between
pickup and delivery locations. These are the Pickup and Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem (PDVRP –
unpaired pickup and delivery points), the classical Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP – paired pickup
and delivery points), and the Dial-A-Ride Problem (DARP – passenger transportation between paired
pickup and delivery points and user inconvenience taken into consideration). Single as well as multi vehicle
versions of the mathematical problem formulations are given for all four VRPB types, the corresponding exact,
heuristic, and metaheuristic solution methods are discussed.
相似文献
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25.
调洪演算在水库的规划设计以及运行管理中都是十分重要的,试算法是其中一种常用方法。结合工程实际需要,充分利用excel自身的强大功能,采用VBA编程解决了调洪演算的程序化问题,从而提高了计算的速度和精度。 相似文献
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Floods cause environmental hazards and influence on socio‐economic activities. In this study, we evaluated the historic flood frequency at a confluence in the middle Yellow River, China. A non‐parametric, multivariate, empirical, orthogonal function matrix model, which consists of time correlation coefficients of flood discharge at different gauge stations and flood events was used for the analysis of flood frequency. The model addresses the characteristics of confluent floods such as frequency and the probability in multiple tributary rivers. Flood frequency analysis is often coupled with studies of hydrological routing processes that reduce the flood capacity of the rivers. Flood routing to the confluence were simulated using kinematic wave theory. Results of this flood frequency analysis showed that flooding frequency has intensified in the past 500 years, especially during the 19th century. Flooding in streams above the confluence was more frequent than in streams below the confluence. Over the last 2000 years, concurrent flooding in multiple tributary rivers accounted for 67.5% of the total flooding in the middle Yellow River. Simulation of flood routing processes shows that the decreased flooding capacity and elevated river bed of the shrunken main channel leads to an increased flood wave propagation time (24–52.3 h) in the study area after 1995. The model indicates that human activities, such as constructions of the Sanmenxia Dam, have changed flood routing boundary conditions and have contributed to the increased flood frequency at the confluence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
28.
东平湖水库为黄河下游重要的防洪水库,分新、老湖两部分。由于受黄河水顶托和出湖河道淤积的影响,老湖向黄河退水日益困难。本文对出湖河道按5种不同过流能力的断面分别对老湖进行调洪演算,得出扩大老湖调蓄能力的合理途径是:出湖河道须按过流能力1500m~3/s断面开挖;二级湖堤防洪水位应提高到46m。 相似文献
29.
三峡—葛洲坝梯级枢纽常规水库调度系统是《长江三峡水利枢纽梯级水库调度自动化系统》的高级应用部分,该系统建立在三峡梯级水利枢纽水库调度自动化系统水调数据平台之上,在洪水预报成果的基础上,根据三峡—葛洲坝梯级枢纽的防洪、发电、航运的综合利用要求,作出三峡、葛洲坝电厂长、中、短期出力预报,相应作出梯级枢纽水库调度计划,确定梯级水库的蓄泄对策及闸门的开启计划,制定闸门的操作命令,完整地实现了三峡—葛洲坝梯级枢纽常规水库调度业务。 相似文献
30.
基于实测断面资料建立了研究区的一维水动力模型,基于高精度DEM以及1∶10000地形图建立了研究区的二维水动力模型,并用MIKE FLOOD将一维模型和二维模型进行耦合,构建了洪泽湖周边滞洪区一、二维耦合的洪水演进数学模型。利用2003年历史洪水资料对模型参数进行了率定,并以2007年历史洪水资料进行了验证。以洪泽湖百年一遇设计洪水为模型上边界,二河闸、三河闸以及高良涧闸的现行调度方案的水位-流量关系为模型下边界,对洪泽湖百年一遇设计洪水方案进行模拟计算,当蒋坝水位达到14.33m时,洪泽湖周边滞洪区开始滞洪,得到开始滞洪后不同时段研究区内各类洪水风险要素的动态分布情况以及最大淹没水深、淹没历时,验证了模型的合理性,可用于蓄滞洪区洪水演算分析。 相似文献