农业名牌战略实现路径研究

实施农业名牌战略、提高农产品市场竞争力,是实现农民增收、农业增效、农村经济全面发展的重要措施.要实施农业名牌战略,必须实现农业名牌产品的质量标准化、生产规模化、保护法制化.质量标准化是农业名牌产品质量和安全的重要保证;生产规模化是质量标准化的保证和名牌成功与否的重要标志;建立健全名牌农产品的法制化保护机制,是实施农产品名牌战略的制度保障.     

Returns to scale and externalities in the consumption and investment sectors

Using data on US manufacturing, I estimate internal returns to scale and external effects for the consumption and investment sectors. I construct panels of data at the industry level and use results of gross output production function estimation to derive implied estimates in a value added specification. For the investment sector, returns to scale appear to be slightly increasing, with evidence of a positive external effect. For consumption, the evidence indicates decreasing to constant returns to scale. I discuss the implications of these results for the empirical plausibility of indeterminacy in recent multi-sector models of the business cycle.     

企业规模边界的系统审视——基于马克思主义协作系统观的视角

新制度主义从交换关系出发,认为企业规模扩展的界限是企业的边际组织成本与市场的边际交易成本相等之点;而古典主义则从企业核心的生产功能出发,认为企业规模扩展的界限也就在于企业的边际协调收益与市场的边际协调收益相等之点。文章借鉴马克思的协作观对新制度主义企业理论进行了修补,并进而探究了体现协作系统这一企业本质的社会合理规模界限:企业的净边际协调收益与企业的净边际组织成本相等之点;同时,又借鉴马克思的异化观考察了企业组织发生异化后所衍生出来的收益转移效应以及相应企业规模。在此基础上,文章得出了两个基本结论:企业的现实规模通常要大于企业的社会合理规模;并且,随着企业形态偏离协作系统这一本质的程度不同,企业规模也存在明显的差异。     

集群中小企业发展的关键

在激烈的市场竞争中，单个中小企业在经营中困难重重。集群这种企业间组织新形式，可以发挥我国众多中小企业的优势，在不牺牲经营柔性的前提下，实现规模经济，降低经营成本。     

ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES FOR EXPANSION OF SERVICES IN TANZANIAN SAVINGS AND CREDITS CO‐OPERATIVE SOCIETIES: LEARNING FROM ECONOMIES OF SCALE

Savings and Credit Co‐operative Societies (SACCOS) increasingly recognized as the valuable tool for economic development in low‐income countries. However, recently researchers reported that one of their primary challenges to their expansion is the high level of inefficient. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between growth and efficiency of SACCOS using economies of scale concept. Then we address the role of management of the capital structure and allocation of resources in the expansion of SACCOS. The study used financial statement data from 60 SACCOS in Tanzania for the period of 2004–2011. The findings supports that most of SACCOS are small and cost inefficient because the industry is young, but, the efficiency increases as SACCOS expand. Second the allocation of resources in liquid, financial and non‐financial investment leads to no expansion in SACCOS. Thus, the growth of SACCOS via increasing loan to members, members’ savings, shares, and institutional capital should be encouraged as it increases the efficiency of SACCOS. Also, SACCOS should minimize the allocation of assets in other investments which are different from credit to members.     

基于亲景度与竞争态的西安国内旅游分析

在广泛市场调查的基础上,运用旅游市场竞争态和游客亲景度模型,对2004-2005年西安市国内旅游市场竞争态和游客亲景度进行了定量分析,划分出明星市场、金牛市场、幼童市场和瘦狗市场4种市场类型和强亲景、较强亲景、中亲景、弱亲景4种偏好等级,并探讨了4种亲景度和4类竞争态之间的对应关系,据此提出了西安国内旅游近期开拓的4类市场:重点市场、主要市场、潜在市场和机会市场,为西安国内旅游客源市场的开发提供了科学依据.     

江西旅游规模差异及其位序规模体系分析

文章从经济地理学的角度出发,运用区域经济发展差异的相关指标,对江西省11个市(1997-2006年)国内、国际旅游收入进行分析.研究发现,江西省各市的国内、国际旅游经济相对差异的变化都呈下降趋势;但绝对差异的变化有所不同,国内绝对差异不断扩大,国际绝时差异表现不明显.为进一步揭示引起这种差异的原因,借用位序一规模分布理论研究该省的旅游规模规律,发现江西省各城市的国内、国际旅游规模符合住序规模分布,国内旅游规模由集中向分散均衡转变,国际旅游规模呈首位分布发展,但有集中发展的趋势.此外从影响江西旅游差异和规模的因素出发,提出了江西省各城市今后的旅游发展政策性参考意见.     

Economies of traffic density and scale in the integrated air cargo industry: The cost structures of FedEx Express and UPS Airlines

This paper examines the cost structures of the leading integrated air cargo carriers, FedEx Express and UPS Airlines. A total cost model is estimated for the two carriers using quarterly data on domestic operations and costs over a nine-year period (2003–2011). The estimated model indicates that the integrated industry exhibits increasing returns to traffic density and constant returns to scale. Accounting for carrier-specific differences in cost structure and network size, FedEx Express is found to be more cost-efficient than UPS Airlines. Looking at the carriers individually, UPS Airlines exhibits substantial economies of traffic density and constant returns to scale while FedEx Express' cost structure is characterized by weak economies of density and constant returns to scale. The combined effect of returns to density and returns to scale on the cost structures of integrated carriers is captured by economies of size. Both FedEx Express and UPS Airlines exhibit economies of size, indicating that carriers in the integrated industry can be more cost efficient by making appropriate adjustments to their network size as their output grows. Moreover, the relative cost-efficiencies of the carriers are reversed when their network-size differences are not controlled.     

Visitors’ acceptance of negative ecological impacts in national parks: comparing the explanatory power of psychographic scales in a Norwegian mountain setting

Even in protected areas, it is inevitable that any human use will produce some impact on natural resources. This study identifies visitors’ tolerance of potential negative ecological impacts from tourism activities and facilities in a Norwegian national park context, based on park visitors’ expressed degree of acceptance of negative effects on particular species of wildlife (wild reindeer and raptors) and on vegetation. Attitudes were analysed using psychographic scales, reflecting respondents’ nature orientations, their specific facility desires, their preferences in a wilderness setting and their concerns about human interaction with the natural environment. Fourteen research hypotheses were tested. Findings demonstrated that the psychographic scales explained more variation in attitudes than most social background and trip characteristics. Higher levels of education among visitors were strongly associated with increased ecological concern; age and gender were not. There was generally strong ecological awareness and eco-centrism among park visitors in general, with a small proportion of wilderness purists. Better trail conditions, signposting and interpretation were sought. But park visitors were also found to possess a complex mixture of needs and drivers. The study found significant potential for strategic alliances between tourism and conservation interests, and key value issues for park governance systems.     

中国区域旅游规模的空间结构与变化

文章运用GIS环境下的空间分析技术,探讨了近年来中国区域旅游规模的空间结构及变化,其总体特征也在区域之间及区域内部的不同空间层级得到了进一步体现。中国旅游规模的空间分布总体上具有较强的正空间集聚性,且存在不断增强的趋势。局部区域的空间集聚表现了较强的规律性,并以人口地理分界线为临界区域,沿主要铁路干线发展,且空间扩散作用具不断增强趋势。东中西部及主要城市地区之间的空间差异明显,但区域之间及其内部的空间差距在不断缩小,区域旅游规模的空间结构不断得到优化。这在一定程度上体现了中国区域旅游规模的空间结构受旅游资源条件、交通条件及经济发展水平等影响因素的作用明显。进而通过文章的分析可为国家旅游空间规划与开发及相关政策的制定等提供理论上的借鉴。