Problem-solving in teaching/learning packages for Technology

In the project Technology in Secondary Education: Problem-solving in Teaching/learning Packages, two experiments regarding a construction problem and an explanation problem were conducted, in which two variants of a teching/learning package (strongly structuredvs. weakly structured) were compared. Only with the strongly structured instructional variant of the package for the explanation problem did the pupils come to a quick solution of the problem. In both experiments, the factors that influenced the problem-solving processes of the pupils were investigated. The results are of importance for curriculum developers and the authors of teaching/learning packages for Technology but further research into the factors influencing the problem solving process of pupils is necessary.     

中长管棚在隧洞特大塌方处理中的应用

针对甘肃舟曲喜儿沟电站引水洞特大塌方事故中塌方量大、塌腔高、塌渣呈松散块状、地下水丰富的实际情况,采用了＂中长管棚超前支护、注浆加固胶结塌方岩渣、开挖结合使用小导管＂的施工方法,取得了成功,可供同类工程借鉴。     

近500年桂北地区旱涝变化研究

根据桂北地区旱涝变化时间序列,采用小波分析、滑动t检验和分形方法分别分析了该地区旱涝变化的准周期、跃变现象及分形特征。结果表明,桂北地区旱涝变化存在5、11、31、60和180年左右的准周期变化;桂北地区旱涝变化的70年尺度跃变发生在1883年,30年尺度跃变发生在1524、1839、1867和1962年;桂北地区旱涝变化Hurst指数为0.508 6,长程记忆时间为29 a,该地区旱涝变化随机性较强,可持续性较差。     

USING OTOLITH CHEMISTRY TAGS AND GROWTH PATTERNS TO DISTINGUISH MOVEMENTS AND PROVENANCE OF NATIVE FISH IN THE GRAND CANYON

Fish otolith and water chemistry were assessed in the Grand Canyon reach of the Colorado River and its tributaries. Aqueous strontium and selenium (in ratio to calcium) and carbon stable isotopic ratios were identified as markers with excellent potential to track the provenance and movements of the endangered humpback chub Gila cypha. Although otolith δ¹³C and Sr/Ca varied proportionately to water chemistry and provided a framework for detailed study of humpback chub movements, otolith Se/Ca showed ambiguous tracking of known water chemistries. As an application, we document the natal source and movement dynamics of n = 10 humpback chub and compare these findings from otolith microchemistry with the current paradigm of humpback chub spawning ecology. We found that seven of ten fish follow the current early life history paradigm and were spawned in the Little Colorado River and subsequently emigrated to the main stem Colorado River as juveniles. However, the otolith markers of three fish suggest an alternative early life trajectory with unknown provenance. Age and growth analyses demonstrate seasonally higher growth rates in the warmer Little Colorado River compared with the Colorado River. Combining natural markers with age and growth reconstructions provides a powerful tool for assessing the habitat use and success of humpback chub in the Grand Canyon. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transboundary water cooperation on the Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra – a legal analysis of riparian state practice

The Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra, shared by China, India, Bhutan and Bangladesh, lacks a comprehensive legal framework. Following an overview of the basin, the paper analyses state and treaty practice through a legal lens, comparing the riparian state positions, based on their approaches to sovereignty. Finding fragmented transboundary water cooperation across the basin, two possible approaches that might help are explored. Taking inspiration from the hydropower projects on parts of the watercourse, and from existing multilateral environmental agreements, it is queried whether future cooperation might be fostered through legal arrangements for joint exploitation, or through joint protection under multilateral environmental agreements.     

观测数据时空密度对集合卡尔曼滤波计算精度的影响

集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）算法在地下水数据同化领域中的应用受到了越来越广泛的关注。作为同化系统的重要组成部分,观测数据的空间/时间密度的配置直接影响滤波运算结果。本文构造了一个理想二维地下水流算例考察空间/时间密度对传统EnKF和局域化EnKF的影响。研究结果表明：随着空间密度的增大,局域化EnKF运算精度增高,而传统EnKF运算精度无此改进倾向。总体趋势上时间密度增大使EnKF运算精度增高,但对不同数目的观测井方案,这种精度增高的幅度有所变化,观测井越多,增高越不明显。由此得出结论：局域化改进EnKF能够有效同化更多的观测井数据,给出更精确的结果;模拟初期水头变化波动较大,观测数据价值较高;在一定时间密度配置下,低空间密度局域化EnKF运算精度可以接近甚至超过高空间密度配置。     

Observation of the induced pressure in a hybrid mlcro/nano-channel

This paper studies the flow characteristics in micro/nano-channels subjected to an applied electric field. The nano-channel flow was observed by means of the fluorescence Calcein. A Fluorescence Concentration Gradient Interface (FCGI) was observed across the nano-channel array. The front of the FCGI was shown to have an analogous parabolic shape. The propagation of this interface reflects indirectly the induced pressure at the micro/nano-channel junction, where the enrichment-depletion processes are known to take place. This induced pressure was predicted by numerical simulations, and this paper gives the first experimental evidence.     

R/S分析法在大坝安全监测中的应用

R/S分析法可以描述自然界非线性系统的某种复杂性。以某水电站大坝坝顶水平位移为研究对象,采用R/S分析法得到其测点水平位移序列的Hurst指数,并根据Hurst指数在不同区间表现出的不同特性,分析坝顶未来的变化趋势。结果表明:该测点未来位移有较明显的增加趋势,应加强监测,以确保未来大坝的安全运营。     

机载激光雷达数据处理质量控制与解决方案探讨

随着机载激光雷达技术的迅速发展,其数据处理已经成为整个生产过程的一个重要环节。文章就激光雷达数据处理过程中的GPS差分解算、坐标转换、点云数据分类、影像连接点、最终产品等的质量控制与解决方案进行分析和探讨。