On Conformity Testing and the Use of two Stage Procedures

Conformity testing is a systematic examination of the extent to which an entity conforms to specified requirements. Such testing is performed in industry as well as in regulatory agencies in a variety of fields. In this paper we discuss conformity testing under measurement or sampling uncertainty. Although the situation has many analogies to statistical testing of a hypothesis concerning the unknown value of the measurand there are no generally accepted rules for handling measurement uncertainty when testing for conformity. Usually the objective of a test for conformity is to provide assurance of conformity. We therefore suggest that an appropriate statistical test for conformity should be devised such that there is only a small probability of declaring conformity when in fact the entity does not conform. An operational way of formulating this principle is to require that whenever an entity has been declared to be conforming, it should not be possible to alter that declaration, even if the entity was investigated with better (more precise) measuring instruments, or measurement procedures. Some industries and agencies designate specification limits under consideration of the measurement uncertainty. This practice is not invariant under changes of measurement procedure. We therefore suggest that conformity testing should be based upon a comparison of a confidence interval for the value of the measurand with some limiting values that have been designated without regard to the measurement uncertainty. Such a procedure is in line with the recently established practice of reporting measurement uncertainty as “an interval of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand”. The price to be paid for a reliable assurance of conformity is a relatively large risk that the procedure will fail to establish conformity for entities that only marginally conform. We suggest a two‐stage procedure that may improve this situation and provide a better discriminatory ability. In an example we illustrate the determination of the power function of such a two‐stage procedure.     

Hypsometric Integral Estimation Methods and its Relevance on Erosion Status of North-Western Lesser Himalayan Watersheds

Assessment of erosion status of a watershed is an essential prerequisite of integrated watershed management. This not only assists in chalking out suitable soil and water conservation measures to arrest erosion and conserve water but also helps in devising best management practices to enhance biomass production in watersheds. The geologic stages of development and erosion proneness of the watersheds are quantified by hypsometric integral. The estimation of hypsometric integral is carried out from the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area and by using empirical formulae. In this study, efforts were made to estimate the hypsometric integral values of the Sainj and Tirthan watersheds and their sub watersheds in the Lesser Himalayas using four different techniques, and to compare the procedural techniques of its estimation and relevance on erosion status. It was revealed that the hypsometric integral calculated by elevation–relief ratio method was accurate, less cumbersome and easy to calculate within GIS environment. Also comparison of these hypsometric integral values revealed that the Sainj watershed (0.51) was more prone to erosion than the Tirthan watershed (0.41). Further, the validation of these results with the recorded sediment yield data of 24 years (1981–2004) corroborated that the average annual sediment yield during this period for Sainj watershed (0.53 Mt) was more than that of the Tirthan watershed (0.3 Mt). Thus, the hypsometric integral value can be used as an estimator of erosion status of watersheds leading to watershed prioritization for taking up soil and water conservation measures in watershed systems.     

谈设计阶段建设单位对工程造价的控制

设计阶段的建设项目工程造价的控制是建设项目在做出投资决策后的控制重点,设计阶段是建设单位工程造价控制的关键和重点。阐述了建设单位加强设计阶段工程造价控制的意义以及采取的主要措施。     

浅谈施工阶段监理对质量的控制

监理是施工质量控制的一种必要措施,对工程的良好运行有着重要的意义。本文根据实际的工作情况及对《建设工程质量管理条例》的研究,浅谈了工程项目中监理工作应从事的具体内容与施工阶段的质量控制措施。     

浅谈设计阶段对工程造价的有效控制措施

工程造价的有效控制关键在于设计阶段。从工作实际出发，重点探讨了设计阶段对工程造价有效控制的原则和措施。     

浅谈各阶段工程造价控制及实例分析

建筑市场的竞争日益激烈,其中最主要的就是价格的竞争,该文讨论了如何在建筑工程项目设计全过程如何对造价进行更好地控制,最后并通过实例来检验。     

浅谈工程的质量控制

质量控制是目前工程管理工作的重点。本文准备就如何实现质量控制做一探讨。影响到一个工程质量的因素大致包括:设计、设备材料的质量、施工这几个方面,以下就这几个方面逐一进行讨论。     

产业组织分散化:我国经济发展过程中的一个必经阶段

本文对我国产业组织分散化现象作了分析。文章认为产业组织分散化是我国经济发展过程中的一个必经阶段，是产业组织成长的具体表现。产业组织分散化改善了我国工业的市场结构和市场行为，也提高了工业的市场绩效。     

社会主义初级阶段中的剥削问题

本文首先分析了历史上存在的三种剥削形式，揭示了剥削产生的经济根源是劳动生产率水平低，生产力不发达，在此基础上，得出社会主义初级阶段剥削存在的根本原因在于现阶段的生产力水平低下，因此，生产力成为主送剥削功过的唯一标准。社会主义初级阶段生产力水平决定着社会主义制度下剥削的运行轨道。只有当生产力充分发展，剥削现象和行为才会补彻底消失。     

堆石粗粒土多级加荷三轴试验分析

通过分析堆石粗粒土一个试样多级加荷三轴试验方法 ,将其分为不固结类的连续与固结类的不连续加荷。前者仅适用于σ3≤ 1 .2 MPa的低围压 ,后者必须考虑固结排水引起的应力回弹量。不连续加荷的固结方式对强度指标的影响仅限于 C值 ,内摩擦角Φ值基本保持不变。建议对土工试验规程中有关粗粒土的多级加荷三轴试验作重新修订