Social Stratification and Sports’ Participation in England

Using a latent class analysis, we identify distinct typologies of sports’ consumers in England and then determine whether the socio-economic makeup of the latent classes resemble recent scholarly work across different cultural and leisure fields. The third part of the analysis provides a nuanced rigorous statistical evaluation of the subtle socio-economic differences between the active sports’ clusters. Our analysis is unique with few studies, if any, identifying and then examining types of sports consumers in this way. The findings largely corroborate research in other cultural and leisure fields, although there are distinctive types of consumers’ specific to sport along gender lines, and a group which consumes highbrow sports but when compared to other types of sports’ consumers, do not exclusively come from the higher social strata.     

The Development of Agrarian Capitalism in Post‐Soviet Russia

A core set of criteria have been met, so that it is accurate to speak of an agrarian capitalist system in Russia. The development of agrarian capitalism carries with it increased stratification, which is analysed along five dimensions: earned income, land expansion, use of credit, income from food sales and income from household enterprise. The paper demonstrates increasing differentiation between households, between professional cohorts and within professional cohorts. The data showing stratification within professions suggest that intra‐cohort stratification is driving most of the inter‐cohort stratification. The Russian model of agrarian capitalism and its processes of stratification have yielded a bifurcated countryside in which a thin stratum of ‘super winners’ has emerged. Economic processes have developed beyond simple stratification and have created the basis from which a rudimentary class structure appears to be forming.     

梯级水库三维环境流体动力学数值预测和水温分层与累积影响规律研究

该文应用美国三维水环境流体动力学模型(简称EFDC模型)对特大型水库进行了水流水温数值耦合预测计算,深入研究了水库的水热循环规律,并对分层型水库的水位、流速和水温分布规律进行剖析。在梯级水电站联合运行环境下,重点分析了高坝大库水温分层规律,探讨了建库前后的水温变化规律和梯级水库建设的累积影响,为调整梯级水电规划方案提供科学决策依据。     

中国农村居民信息消费的福利效应研究

引入常数相对风险规避效用函数,构建信息消费增速变动的福利效应模型,采用1993-2011年中国农村居民信息消费数据,从总体和收入分层视角对农村居民信息消费增速变动的福利效应进行数值模拟,分析表明信息消费增速变动具有相当大的福利效应：信息消费增速提升1％,相当于在农户无限生命期界内每年增加0．39％～17．73％的信息消费产品或服务;而信息消费增速下降1％,相当于在其无限生命期界内每年减少0．52％～22．28％的信息消费产品或服务。同时,信息消费增速变动的福利效应具有明显的群体差异性,对高收入农户的影响比对低收入户的影响更为显著。因此,在促进农村居民信息消费总量增长的同时,应稳步推进制度改革,从而缩小不同收入水平农户间的信息消费鸿沟。     

地层渗透性分区和分层方法初步研究

用聚类分析方法和有序样品最优分割方法对实测地质剖面中不同岩层渗透性进行聚类和分割，有助于解决对勘探资料进行地层分区和分层的问题。该方法对数据整理和分类计算可部分程序化，分类结果更为合理。对以往岩性分层主要依靠经验且任意性较大的情况有一定改善。应用实际资料进行分析，证明了方法的可靠性。     

Density‐driven water circulation in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

A 2‐D hydrodynamic model was developed for modelling water circulation from 2008 to 2011 in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behaviour and mixing mechanisms for different density current patterns and performs well in computing the velocity, the intrusion layer at the plunge point, and the travel distance of the density current. The effects of 10 flow patterns on thermal stratification, hydrodynamics, and algal bloom risk are discussed and classified in terms of algal growth. Patterns (6) and (10) can effectively prevent algal blooms; Patterns (7) and (8) are good for algal blooms. More frequent transformations of flow‐driven patterns, as observed in 2010–2011, could create more eddies and mixing and thus reduce bloom risk. Further studies are necessary and recommended for more accurate predictions, assessing the impact of water level fluctuations on transform flow patterns and water quality.     

水利工程风险量化问题的探讨

水利工程建设中潜藏着众多风险，对风险进行有效管理是工程顺利建设的重要保证。水利工程风险管理是由风险辨识、估计、评价、控制四部分组成的科学体系，该体系中关键问题是风险的合理量化，多采用专家调查和打分法、AHP法等计算风险权值，再根据风险等级采取相应控制措施以减小项目风险损失。在万家寨水利枢纽工程施工末期业主风险管理研究中，应用该评价体系对业主面临的风险进行合理量化及有效的控制研究，促进了工程建设的顺利进行。     

Tourism and income strategies in Nazaré, Portugal

The stratification literature indicates that those who control the means of production gain greater benefits than those who do not, and that their introduction may affect a community's income distribution. This research attempts to determine the impacts of tourism on household incomes and the pattern of stratification in a Portuguese village and the various strategies which families employ to deal with change. It concludes that housing is a key factor because of tourism and that those families who have housing can significantly increase their incomes and elevate their position in the community hierarchy, although access to the elite strata is limited and tourist revenues have not affected the overall pyramidal form of stratification in the village.     

Flow management strategies to control blooms of the cyanobacterium,Anabaena circinalis,in the River Murray at Morgan,South Australia

The Murray–Darling river system is highly regulated and is Australia's major surface water resource. It is subject to blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis, which present significant water quality problems. As a result of these blooms, an algal management strategy has been developed for the Murray–Darling basin. One of the major objectives of the strategy is the development of flow management strategies for key reaches of the river system. Intensive studies in the Murrumbidgee River, Australia, have indicated that persistent thermal stratification is a requirement for blooms of this cyanobacterium to occur. In the lower Murray, mean wind speed was found to be the major factor affecting the degree of thermal stratification under low flow conditions, which generally exist during the months of December to March. In this paper, the effect of various flow management scenarios on the likelihood of the occurrence of blooms in the River Murray at Morgan, South Australia, are assessed. A frequency analysis is carried out on 30 years of wind speed data to determine the probability of occurrence of persistent thermal stratification under a number of flow regimes. The scenarios evaluated include existing base flow conditions, altered base flow regimes, temporary releases from an upstream storage (Lake Victoria) and the temporary reduction of weir pool levels. The results obtained indicate that the dispersal of existing blooms by simultaneously reducing the weir pool levels at Locks 1–3 is the most effective and economical strategy for combating bloom formation by A. circinalis in the River Murray at Morgan. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.