Acute exposure to gas‐supersaturated water does not affect reproductive success of female adult chinook salmon late in maturation

At times, total dissolved gas concentrations in the Columbia and Snake rivers have been elevated due to involuntary spill from high spring runoff and voluntary spill used as a method to pass juvenile salmonids over dams. The goal of this project was to determine if acute exposure to total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) affects the reproductive performance of female chinook salmon late in their maturation. During this study, adult female spring chinook salmon were exposed to mean TDGS levels of 114.1% to 125.5%. We ended exposures at first mortality, or at the appearance of impending death. Based on this criterion, exposures lasted from 10 to 68 h and were inversely related to TDGS. There was no effect of TDGS on pre‐spawning mortality or fecundity when comparing treatment fish to experimental controls or the general hatchery population four to six weeks after exposures. Egg quality, based on egg weight and egg diameter, did not differ between treatment and control fish. Fertilization rate and survival to eyed‐stage was high ( > 94%) for all groups. With the exception of Renibacterium salmoninarum (the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease; BKD), no viral or bacterial fish pathogens were isolated from experimental fish. The prevalence (about 45%) and severity of R. salmoninarum did not differ among the groups or the general hatchery population. We conclude that these acute exposures to moderate levels of gas‐supersaturated water—perhaps similar to that experienced by immigrating adult salmon as they approach and pass a hydropower dam on the Columbia River—did not affect reproductive success of female chinook salmon late in their maturation. These results are most applicable to summer and fall chinook salmon, which migrate in the summer/fall and spawn shortly after reaching their natal streams. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限元法在浅埋暗挖输水隧洞衬砌受力研究中的应用

以南水北调中线北京段浅埋暗挖输水隧洞施工为研究实例,使用三维有限元程序ADINA对隧洞衬砌在施工期及运行期不同工况下的受力状态进行了分析计算,得到了工程设计中比较关心的弯矩和轴力等内力计算结果,为工程设计提供参考.     

基于等效时间的早期混凝土温度裂缝分析

基于等效时间的混凝土绝热温升、热传导方程，考虑温度对早期混凝土水化热化学反应速率和徐变特性的影响，计算了大体积混凝土墙中心的温升。采用裂缝带模型计算温度裂缝，用半解析迭代法进行了混凝土墙的温度应力和开裂计算。     

圆形截面钢筋混凝土构件裂缝宽度试验研究

对大偏心受压、受弯、大偏心受拉、小偏心受拉和轴心受拉圆形截面钢筋混凝土试件进行了试验，测定了不同荷载下的钢筋应变、裂缝宽度、裂缝宽度-荷载曲线和钢筋应力-荷载曲线，研究了各种试件的裂缝发展规律．结果表明，各种试件的裂缝发展规律基本一致，即荷载很小时不出现裂缝；从混凝土出现第一条裂缝到钢筋屈服，裂缝宽度随荷载基本呈线性增长；钢筋屈服后，裂缝随荷载增大而迅速增长．最后对裂缝宽度进行了统计分析，给出裂缝宽度的概率分布．     

考虑软土流变特性和应力历史的一维固结与渗透试验

利用GDS先进固结试验系统对萧山软土进行了常规分级加载固结与渗透试验、分级加载流变固结与渗透试验、压缩－回弹－再压缩流变固结与渗透试验,绘制了沉降曲线、孔压消散曲线以及孔隙比和渗透系数的变化曲线,通过回归分析得到了萧山软土的压缩指数、回弹指数、渗透指数、次固结系数。试验结果表明：萧山软土具有明显的流变特性,对于正常固结萧山软土,土样底部超静孔压消散大约在加载后5个小时左右完成,而超固结土孔压消散速度比正常固结土快;应力历史和超固结比对次固结系数有显著的影响。     

基于有限体积法的三维波生近岸流数值模型

波浪破碎产生近岸流是近岸浅水区域一个重要的水动力现象。该文利用辐射应力的概念,并考虑辐射应力沿水深的变化、波浪破碎引起的水滚以及波流共同作用下的水底剪应力,建立了基于有限体积法的三维波生近岸流数值模型。运用建立的数值模型模拟了两个实验室实验,并同实验的实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,建立的数值模型能够较好地模拟波浪破碎产生的近岸流。     

关山特长隧道高地应力下硬岩大变形规律研究

高地应力下隧道的围岩变形是岩体力学的关键问题之一,甘肃关山隧道埋深较大,在穿越高地应力区域时极易出现围岩失稳、塌方及支护结构大变形等现象。选取隧道典型试验段,通过数值计算及数据监测,对其大变形规律和防控技术进行了研究,进而得到了隧道围岩的变形和应力分布规律。根据分析结果,建议隧道衬砌施工时采用柔性支护的理念进行设计,优化边墙曲率,加大预留变形量,采取径向注浆加固及降低扰动。实践表明,一系列防控措施有效控制了围岩变形,降低了隧道施工风险,可为以后类似工程的设计和施工提供实践借鉴。     

Erosion of glacial till from the St. Clair River (Great Lakes basin)

Variations in water level observed in Lakes Michigan and Huron during the last few decades have motivated a comprehensive study involving climatic, hydrologic and hydraulic factors organized by International Joint Commission of the Great Lakes. It has been submitted, among other possible causes, that changes in conveyance in the St. Clair River could be contributing to the lowering of the upper Great Lakes water level. Sediment transport processes, in particular bed scour and erosion, can affect significantly a river's conveyance, thus creating the need to assess the erodibility properties of the river bed. To this end, laboratory tests were performed in order to obtain the value of the critical shear stress needed to erode the cohesive fraction of the bed sediment material, known as glacial till, from the St. Clair River. Different flows with increasing velocities were run up to the point where initial sediment erosion could be observed. Through detailed near-bed velocity measurements using a laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system, a value of 4.2 N/m² was obtained as the critical shear stress for the erosion of glacial till. A threshold for the critical shear stress for erosion of similar cohesive sediments was also found and expressed in dimensionless form. These results could be used in combination with mathematical models to estimate the risk of scour and erosion at locations where the glacial till is exposed to both strong currents and flow forces induced by the large navigation vessels commonly observed along the course of the St. Clair River.     

大学生足球裁判员心理压力成因及对策研究

大学生初步担任足球裁判员,面临较大的心理压力,这种心理压力产生的外在因素有来自比赛球员、教练员、观众、天气状况、场地等因素的压力;内在因素有业务水平、体能、职业道德、思想动机气质与性格等因素的压力.过大的心理压力不得于大学生做好足球执法工作,就当通过提高理论水平、实践能力、心理素质和身体素质,以消除大学生足球裁判员的心...