高应力硬脆玄武岩微裂隙分布及破裂发展辨识

白鹤滩水电站区域构造地应力高,玄武岩坚硬性脆、隐微裂隙发育,地下厂房开挖过程顶拱浅层应力型开裂和深层破裂特征明显,传统的声波、钻孔电视测试和变形监测等方法难以精确获取岩体微破裂裂隙分布特征及高应力破裂发展特征信息。采用高精度超声波成像综合测试系统新方法,对厂房顶拱应力破裂破坏显著区域进行了多次重复测试。测试成果揭示：① 厂房顶拱上方岩体赋存的裂隙面倾角以陡倾角为主,优势倾角范围为45.98°~52.06°;裂隙面的倾向为NWW向,优势倾向范围为276.36°~292.01°,裂隙面倾角和倾向随深度变化不明显。② 顶拱浅层围岩破裂裂纹集中区一般在3.50~4.25 m的深度范围内,围岩深部诱发破裂裂纹区主要分布在9.68~10.11,16.12~16.32,21.45~21.77 m范围。③ 局部岩体受顶拱应力场不断调整演化作用,出现岩体破裂随时间加剧的现象。该成果高精度地辨识了玄武岩不同深度微破裂裂隙面分布特征、深度范围和应力破裂发展特点,对研究高应力硬脆玄武岩力学特性和响应机理提供了坚实基础资料,为工程开挖施工和动态支护设计发挥了重要支撑作用。     

粤港澳大湾区背景下广东省9市人水和谐关系时空特性研究

以粤港澳大湾区规划涉及的广东省9个市为研究区域,利用人水和谐理论方法,对研究区2014-2018年共5 a的人水和谐关系进行了量化,并分析了人水和谐关系的时空分布特征。研究中综合考虑影响人水和谐关系的健康度、发展度和协调度3个要素,建立指标评价体系,采用主、客观权重和合作博弈论确定综合权重,分别计算3个要素,进而通过要素集成确定人水和谐度。结果表明：大湾区背景下的广东省9市,近5年的人水和谐关系处于“基本和谐”到“较和谐”等级,且有逐渐向“和谐”转变的态势;从空间分布看,大湾区周边的江门、肇庆和惠州3个市的人水和谐度较其他城市稍高,这在一定程度上可缓解和分担经济高度集中发展带给水资源系统的压力,从而为大湾区未来的综合发展提供优质的水资源条件。     

斜板沉淀池前配水渠的数值模拟及结构优化

针对配水渠出水优化措施单一、优化效果欠佳的问题,运用CFD软件,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型对其流速场进行数值模拟,探究了进口宽度（b）和配水渠宽度（B）变化时出水均匀度最优的配水渠长度（L）,并优化了挡墙在双段配水渠中的最佳位置。结果表明：配水渠进口集中主流在池内流域空间的扩散程度是出水均匀度的主要影响因素;当b在1 200~1 600 mm范围时,L取1 750~2 250 mm时的出水均匀度最优,若b大于1 600 mm,最优的L值须适当增加,但不应大于3 000 mm;当B为3 900 mm时,L最佳取值为1 750~2 250 mm,当B为5 300或6 700 mm时,最佳的L值应增加500 mm左右;采用双段配水渠时,挡墙位置应设在进口侧,而不应在配水渠的中间位置。该研究可为配水渠的设计提供一定的理论指导。     

基于化学条件下静态释放模拟研究太行湖底泥TP分布特征

本文通过分析太行湖底泥中TP的时空分布特征,着重对底泥TP释放进行了室内静态模拟研究,并建立了TP释放速率数学模型,其研究结果可为湖区内源底泥TP污染控制提供参考依据。     

GIS支持下的凡河流域农业非点源污染物时空特征分析

为了解铁岭县凡河流域农业非点源污染现状,本文以铁岭县多年乡镇统计报表为基础,结合输出系数法及源强系数法分析了凡河流域2007-2009年四种农业非点源污染物排放量及其排放强度的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)流域内农业非点源污染物排放总量呈持续上升趋势,总氮、总磷、化学需氧量及氨氮的平均排放量为3174.5、361.4、16624.5和3980.3t/a;(2)流域内主要污染物为化学需氧量,主要污染源为畜禽养殖;(3)污染物排放总量及强度空间上大致呈中、西部高,东部低的特点,李千户乡及铁岭市区为主要污染区域。为有效地控制凡河流域农业非点源污染,当地政府应把重点放在畜禽粪便及居民生活垃圾的处理方式上。     

Mortality,Human Capital and Persistent Inequality

Available evidence suggests high intergenerational correlation of economic status and persistent disparities in health status between the rich and the poor. This paper proposes a mechanism linking the two. We introduce health capital into a two-period overlapping generations model. Private health investment improves the probability of surviving from the first period of life to the next and, along with education, enhances an individual’s labor productivity. Poorer parents are of poor health, unable to invest much in reducing mortality risk and improving their human capital. Consequently, they leave less for their progeny. Despite convex preferences and technologies, initial differences in economic and health status may perpetuate across generations when annuities markets are imperfect.Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation.     

The nature of the steady state in models of optimal growth under uncertainty

Summary. We study a one-sector stochastic optimal growth model with a representative agent. Utility is logarithmic and the production function is of the Cobb-Douglas form with capital exponent . Production is affected by a multiplicative shock taking one of two values with positive probabilities p and 1-p. It is well known that for this economy, optimal paths converge to a unique steady state, which is an invariant distribution. We are concerned with properties of this distribution. By using the theory of Iterated Function Systems, we are able to characterize such a distribution in terms of singularity versus absolute continuity as parameters and p change. We establish mutual singularity of the invariant distributions as p varies between 0 and 1 whenever . More delicate is the case . Singularity with respect to Lebesgue measure also appears for values such that . For and Peres and Solomyak (1998) have shown that the distribution is a.e. absolutely continuous. Characterization of the invariant distribution in the remaining cases is still an open question. The entire analysis is summarized through a bifurcation diagram, drawn in terms of pairs .Received: 9 April 2002, Revised: 29 October 2002, JEL Classification Numbers: C61, O41.Correspondence to: Tapan MitraThis research was partially supported by CNR (Italy) under the "Short-term mobility" program and by M.U.R.S.T. (Italy) National Group on "Nonlinear Dynamics and Stochastic Models in Economics and Finance" . We are indebted to Rabi Bhattacharya for providing us with the reference to Solomyak's (1995) paper. The present version has benefitted from comments by Mukul Majumdar and two anonymous referees.     

城乡居民收入差距的动态演变:1988～2002年

中国城乡居民收入差距已经引起广泛关注。文章以住户调查数据为基础,利用泰尔指数分解、G.Fields分解、Blinder分解、分位回归分解等多种方法讨论了1988年、1995年和2002年“城乡”因素本身对城乡居民收入差距的贡献。这些分解结果表明我国的城乡差距较显著并在不断扩大;而且城乡差距更不利于农村中的低收入人群。     

泰山旅游需求时空分布规律及旅游者行为特征的初步研究

泰山旅游需求存在着明显的时空分布规律．调查显示．游人数量的日变化、周变化和年内变化十分显著；客源地主要分布于山东及其周边省市；旅游区内部以泰山中路和岱顶的需求强度最大。最后对旅游交通方式、旅游消费、旅客职业构成双重游率等旅游者行为特征进行了分析。     

Coping with Technological Change: The Role of Ability in Making Inequality so Persistent

This study provides an explanation to the evolution of wage inequality over the last 30 years and supports this explanation with evidence. A faster rate of technological progress introduces new unknown elements at the workplace. The need to cope with the unknown accentuates the role of ability and thus increases wage inequality within and between education groups. Inasmuch as education is an irreversible investment project the rise in within group inequality BOOSTS UP the rise of between group inequality. Guided by this theory we turn to the PSID for evidence. Using parents' education to approximate child's ability we show the following set of results: (a) Controlling for education of the child, parents' education contributed much more in the 1980s to his wage growth than in the 1970s. (b) The correlation between the parents' and the child's education increases from the 1970s to the 1980s. (c) The return to college education for an individual with no ability rents did not change—it remains steady at the 23 percent. (d) Facts (a)–(c) CANNOT be attributed to the impact of parent's income. It is parents' education and not parents' income that is more relevant for son's economic outcomes in the 1980s.