Policy Dimensions of Progressive Institutional Change: Lessons from China’s Construction of a Socialist Market Economy

Abstract:

Through a comprehensive review of the progressive institutional change (PIC) literature, I first discuss four possible trajectories of PIC by considering the forces of societal reaction that might frame the path, as well as the scale and scope of the changes. Thus, I pose four questions that need to be asked when related policies are formulated for PIC. To illustrate this method, I scrutinize the evidence from the construction of a socialist market economy by the Chinese government since the 1980s and argue that related policies have successfully promoted PIC from three dimensions: (1) curbing potential conflicts with power groups; (2) promoting a sense of awareness among stakeholders; and (3) minimizing disturbances to the community. Actually, the related changes demonstrate a dynamic “displacement process” for PICs. Despite the success of this sociosystem, it is found that the sustaining of PIC which requires policy factors that enhance instrumental efficiency in the Chinese context will serve as a challenge to the Chinese government ahead.     

锦屏二级水电站地下洞室开挖围岩卸荷效应分析及工程应用

根据工程地质条件,基于卸荷岩体理论对锦屏二级水电站地下洞室进行开挖数值模拟计算,以桩号厂右0+000.0剖面为主要研究对象,结合变形监测资料进行卸荷区的划分,分析围岩在开挖、卸荷、加固各工况下的塑性区演化过程。数值计算结果表明,监测点的监测位移与计算位移吻合情况较好。以主厂房第二步开挖全过程为例,可知开挖工况下围岩强卸荷区出现的塑性区在卸荷工况下进一步扩大,而在锚索加固完成后,塑性区基本消失。这说明强弱卸荷区的划分较为合理,建立的模型适当,设计锚固方案有效可行。     

大跨度公路隧道穿越断层破碎带施工技术

结合工程实例,通过对穿越F19(鸡笼山断裂)、F20(源潭断裂)的莲花山2#隧道施工实践的归纳,借助超前地质预报手段,根据围岩情况及时调整施工方案,取得良好效果,通过该段施工更加深了对地下工程特别是特殊地质的认识。     

Negotiating climate change responses: Regional and local perspectives on transport and coastal zone planning in South Sweden

Putting climate change policy-integration into practice is challenged by problems of institutional misfit, due to, inter alia, deficient vertical administrative interplay. While most focus within the field of climate change research has targeted the national–local interplay, less is known about the interface of regional and local perspectives. Here, the aim is to study that interface with a specific focus on the relation between regional and local spatial planning actors, through a case-study of transport and coastal zone management in a Swedish municipality. The article is based on interviews (focus group and single in-depth) and official planning documents. The material reveals a tricky planning situation, replete with conflict. In practice, various institutional frameworks, claims and ambitions collide. The attempts to steer the local spatial planning initiatives from the regional level led to conflicts, which in turn seems to have hampered the overall work for climate change management through spatial planning. Furthermore, there are few traces of prospects of a smooth vertical institutional interplay able to support the overall aims related to integrating climate change mitigation and adaptation in spatial planning.     

透过亚当斯领略黑白摄影的魅力

在漫长的黑白摄影发展的进程中,摄影大师安塞尔·亚当斯做出了卓越的贡献,尤其是"f64小组"和完善的区域曝光系统成为摄影史上的里程碑。黑、白、灰黑白摄影演绎着影调与影像的经典,即使在现代彩色摄影高度发展的今天,黑白摄影并没有失去它往日的光彩,也不会被彩色摄影所更替,它将以独特的魅力,以单纯、洗练、视觉冲击力强等审美优势继续发展,创造更多视觉财富。     

Farmers’ perspectives on climate change manifestations in smallholder cocoa farms and shifts in cropping systems in the forest-savannah transitional zone of Ghana

The study was conducted to explore actual manifestations of climate change in smallholder cocoa farms to aid extension response to climate impacts, and to understand the reasons for a renewed interest in cocoa production in the forest-savanna agro ecological landscape in Ghana, in spite of unfavorable climatic conditions. Two hundred cocoa farmers were interviewed in nine cocoa farming communities. Selected farms were also visited to document on-farm manifestation of climate impacts as well as innovations and strategies farmers are employing to respond to the adverse impacts of climate change on their cocoa systems. The results revealed various manifestations of climate impacts on cocoa farms which included, increased incidence of pests and diseases, wilting of cocoa leaves, high mortality of cocoa seedlings which affected expansion and farm rehabilitation, and wilting of cherelles resulting in low yield. The farmers maintained that their response to the immediate impacts of climate on cocoa was a shift to cereals due to the unpredictable climatic patterns and the shortened duration of rainfall. However, a combination of storage and supply chain challenges and low returns from cereal production, coupled with land scarcity in the Western Region, where most of them are migrant farmers accounted for their decision to return to cocoa production lately. It was observed, among other adaptive responses, that some farmers plant about three times the plantain suckers they usually plant, to provide a dense temporary shade over cocoa seedlings, and resort to planting more cocoa seedlings randomly per unit area on new farms, contrary to recommended planting approach, as a form of insurance against seedling mortality. More importantly, a community-based fire response system was identified to be a major safeguard mechanism to the threat of fire. Clearly, the farmers are not replanting cocoa in the forest-savanna agro ecological landscape because it is more productive than cereals, but they believe that a low yielding cocoa is far better than a productive cereal cropping systems that offer low returns when compared to cocoa. The study brings out the sustainable livelihood challenges of the rural farmer within the context of a changing climate for appropriate policy response.     

延安市姚店工业区绿地系统环境景观规划设计

设计依托结合姚店工业区总体规划,在充分考虑现有自然条件的前提下,挖掘当地工业历史和文化,营建与新区发展相适应的具有文化内涵并突出生态型的绿地环境景观系统。为工业区可持续发展打造坚实的物质和文化基础。     

“十二五”时期海峡西岸经济区经济社会发展趋势分析

通过分析“十一五”以来海西区主体——福建省经济社会发展的主要成就和“十二五”时期海峡西岸经济区经济社会发展将面临的机遇和挑战，充分考虑到新一轮发展的外部环境、经济结构、增长趋势的合理性，运用柯布一道格拉斯函数为基础的各种计量模型预测，结合专家预测、经验判断等方法，对“十二五”时期海峡西岸经济区国民经济发展作出相应的预测分析。     

地域文化变迁的历史进程与趋势研究

地域文化的和谐是和谐社会的主要内涵之一,地域文化变迁是研究区域社会发展不可或缺的内容.重视研究地域文化及其变迁和发展趋势,能够对实现区域文化的和谐发展提供理论基础和实践指导.     

国家公园划定荒野保护区的意义与方法

世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)把荒野保护地列入保护 级别最高的一类保护地,荒野体验是游憩体验最高级别的体验 形式。世界各国荒野保护地实际存在形式大致分独立型和合 并型2类。划定荒野保护区是荒野价值研究成果的重要应用实 践,这是中国国家公园体制建设向深层次发展的重要方向。核 心保护区与荒野保护区对应IUCN保护地分类体系中的Ia、Ib 保护地,这样既可以同国际接轨,又解决了国内国家公园生态 保护管控与人类活动的矛盾问题。国家公园突出荒野保护理念 既建立了国家公园与社会的情感联系,强化了国家公园的社会 文化认同,又彰显了国家公园人与自然和谐共生的绿色发展理 念。栖息地适宜性评价与行为分析法是划定荒野保护区的重要 方法,通过栖息地适宜性评价建立国家公园生态环境谱系,在 生态环境谱系基础上通过行为交互作用分析建立游憩机会谱系 与社区村落谱系。荒野保护区整合了三大谱系,建构了以荒野 保护区为主体的管理分区体系,把各个功能区有机组织起来, 形成结构有序、自然共生的人地耦合复杂生态系统。