体内蛋白质代谢的测量的主要方法

本文主要描述了进二三十年里测量体内蛋白平衡的主要方法,包括全身和特定器官的氮平衡,全身或特定器官的蛋白质转化,测量全身蛋白质流量的同位素示踪物,特定组织、器官蛋白质转换量的测量。     

BENIGN USE OF SALT SLUGS ON AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES: MEASURING DISCHARGE WITH SALT DURING AN AQUATIC ECOLOGY STUDY

Pulsed salt tracer injections (salt slugs) are widely used for measuring discharge in streams, particularly in small streams. However, salt slug usage in stream ecology studies is limited, possibly due to concerns that salt injections may affect biotic results. We used salt slug measurements concomitantly with macroinvertebrate sampling over the course of a summer field season and show that the realistic use of salt slugs to measure discharge at our sites was benign with respect to several common biotic community metrics. Salt slug discharge measurements may warrant more usage as a component of stream ecology studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

文25东块聚合物微球调驱研究与应用

文25东块油藏由于储层层内非均质性强,易暴性水淹,水驱效果逐年变差。区块内油井受效方向单一,受效小层单一,见效油井含水上升速度快。针对层间非均质性严重、主力厚油层层内动用不均的问题,水井上通过分注、调配难以启动差层,无法挖掘厚油层层内潜力。应用注水井层内深部调剖技术,扩大注入水波及体积,改善吸水剖面,挖掘厚油层层内剩余油潜力,实现层间、层内挖潜的目的。实施后井组稳产基础增强,自然递减下降。     

网络仿真软件的应用与实践

随着信息时代发展的加快,企业对网络方面的人才要求越来越高,而作为人才培养基地的学校,经费有限,硬件设施跟不上社会对人才培养的要求。网络仿真软件是一个为网络学员设计的学习平台、媒体和仿真器,支持学生和教师建立仿真、虚拟和活动网络模型,通过一组简化的网络设备和协议模型,真实地体现计算机网络教学的直观性和形象化,帮助缺乏网络设备、带宽交互条件的学生和教师开展教学活动。     

渭河下游垂向潜流通量动态特征研究

潜流交换控制着潜流带内水量的变化及各种物质(氧气、有机质)的滞留时间,对地下水的水量和水质变化具有重要的影响。精确计算潜流带内的潜流通量及其动态变化特征,对河流的综合治理及生态恢复具有十分重要的意义。采用热量运移解析模型求解潜流通量,利用温度示踪技术,重点研究潜流交换过程的空间非均质特征和动态变化特征;以渭河下游草滩段为研究区,进行河床浅层沉积物潜流通量的计算。结果表明:监测时段内研究区地下水流为河水补给地下水,河道内不同位置的浅层潜流带内呈现出不同的潜流通量动态特征,其变化范围在0.873～8.900 μm/s之间,潜流带厚度约为0.75 m,呈现比较复杂的动态变化特征。监测时段内各深度间潜流通量总体变化趋势为上升趋势,在垂向分布上存在差异,而且这种差异随时间变化。温度示踪方法简单易行,在潜流通量的计算中具有较好的准确性,适用于潜流带内水动力交换量的精确计算。     

桂林典型岩溶峰丛洼地137Cs和210Pbex分布特征

为探究岩溶峰丛洼地侵蚀堆积的土壤剖面特征,进一步解决水土流失问题,利用137Cs、210Pbex双核素示踪法,对研究区主要的不同土地利用方式下的土壤剖面核素活度进行研究。结果表明：土地利用类型是土壤剖面核素分布的重要影响因素,一定的人为干扰下果园地的活度分布深度较为均匀,乔灌林地和撂荒地剖面活度随深度增加而骤减;在岩溶峰丛洼地,137CS和210Pbex放射性比活度在土壤上层表现为高度正相关,双核素联合示踪法可以较好地表现土壤分布特征。     

土壤孔径分布对污染物迁移过程中弥散系数的影响

弥散作用主要受土体孔隙结构影响,基于孔隙结构特征对弥散作用的影响这一问题,通过压汞实验确定土样孔径分布,以水动力弥散理论为基础,以3种不同粒径组分砂土作土样,以氯化钠作为示踪剂,进行一维土柱水动力弥散和扩散实验。并由实验结果计算出各土样的机械弥散和扩散系数,得出以下结论:随着特征孔径d60或者不均匀系数Pu增大,分子扩散系数只有很小程度的增加,但机械弥散系数却有大幅度的增大,而且扩散作用在整个水动力弥散作用中所占的比例也越来越小,机械弥散受孔隙结构特征影响程度较分子扩散而言要大的多。     

芦苇占优势农田溪流营养盐滞留的水文和生物贡献分析

为解析大型水生植物大量生长情形的源头溪流营养盐滞留的水文、生物作用贡献,于2014年9月—2015年6月在南淝河流域某一芦苇占显著优势的农田源头溪流段,开展8次野外示踪实验,计算渠段雷诺数Re、弗劳德数Fr、曼宁糙率系数n等水动力学参数,估算NH4+、PO43-的总滞留率以及水文、生物过程的实际滞留贡献率和相对滞留贡献率。结果表明,整个研究期间溪流水体表现出显著的紊流特征,水流流态属于缓流类型,渠道曼宁糙率系数n变化范围为0.066~0.112,平均值为0.089;NH4+总滞留损失率变化范围为9.17%~28.27%,平均值为14.68%,水文作用和生物过程对NH4+实际滞留贡献率平均值分别为10.12%和4.57%,相对贡献率平均值分别为72.51%和27.49%,表明NH4+滞留损失主要来自水文过程的影响;PO43-总滞留损失率变化范围为5.75%~17.79%,平均值为12.53%,水文作用和生物过程对PO43-实际滞留贡献率平均值分别为10.12%和2.41%,相对贡献率平均值分别为81.42%和18.58%,表明PO43-滞留损失也主要来自水文因素的影响;n与Re、Fr和Q均呈显著的幂函数关系,而实际滞留率ηNH4、ηPO4与n、Re之间均没有表现出明显的相关关系。     

简易粒子图像测速(PIV)技术开发与优化技巧

粒子图像测速(PIV)技术是一种瞬态流动平面二维速度场测试技术,在细部流场实测领域得到重视,但是成熟的PIV产品价格高昂。鉴于此,介绍了一种简易的PIV装置,主要由高速摄像机、激光发射器、柱面透镜和示踪粒子构成,以较低成本即可基本实现商业用PIV产品的功能。为了验证简易PIV性能,设计了PIV简易装置,采用Fluent软件模拟,并结合PIV技术对比分析了简易PIV装置的优缺点,同时对影响结果的粒径大小和粒子跟随性进行了优化。结果表明,简易PIV装置适宜选用玉米粉作为示踪粒子,并需要根据示踪粒子跟随性所能达到的最大进口水流速度选择高速摄像机的帧率,最终能够较好地实现流场实测,进而达到对PIV技术进行开发和优化的目的,其分析结果将为后续研究者提供参考。     

Comparison of smoothness-constrained and geostatistically based cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography for characterization of solute tracer plumes

Experiments using electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) have shown promising results in reducing the uncertainty of solute plume characteristics related to estimates based on the analysis of local point measurements only.To explore the similarities and differences between two cross-borehole ERT inversion approaches for characterizing salt tracer plumes,namely the classical smoothness-constrained inversion and a geostatistically based approach,we performed two-dimensional synthetic experiments.Simplifying assumptions about the solute transport model and the electrical forward and inverse model allowed us to study the sensitivity of the ERT inversion approaches towards a variety of basic conditions,including the number of boreholes,measurement schemes,contrast between the plume and background electrical conductivity,use of a priori knowledge,and point conditioning.The results show that geostatistically based and smoothness-constrained inversions of electrical resistance data yield plume characteristics of similar quality,which can be further improved when point measurements are incorporated and advantageous measurement schemes are chosen.As expected,an increased number of boreholes included in the ERT measurement layout can highly improve the quality of inferred plume characteristics,while in this case the benefits of point conditioning and advantageous measurement schemes diminish.Both ERT inversion approaches are similarly sensitive to the noise level of the data and the contrast between the solute plume and background electrical conductivity,and robust with regard to biased input parameters,such as mean concentration,variance,and correlation length of the plume.Although sophisticated inversion schemes have recently become available,in which flow and transport as well as electrical forward models are coupled,these schemes effectively rely on a relatively simple geometrical parameterization of the hydrogeological model.Therefore,we believe that standard uncoupled ERT inverse approaches,like the ones discussed and assessed in this paper,will continue to be important to the imaging and characterization of solute plumes in many real-world applications.