太湖风生流及污染物输移扩散数值模拟

建立高精度的太湖三维风生流数值模型和风生流-污染物耦合数值模型,分析了盛行风作用下的太湖风生流特征和风生流驱动下的太湖污染物输移特征。结果表明:稳定后的太湖风生流场,表层流速大于底层流速,表层流向基本上同风向一致,底层流向则与表层大致相反,具有补偿流的特征;风向能显著影响太湖风生流的形态和结构;在垂向扩散作用下,太湖污染物质量浓度沿水深方向上近似均匀分布;在定常风作用下,太湖北部的湖湾区出现多个小尺度闭合环流,不利于污染物的输移扩散,对太湖水环境会产生不利影响。     

纪村水电站防渗墙及铺盖区地下水渗流示踪分析

纪村水电站铺盖廊道扬压力观测值近年有增大趋势,2000年后当库水位超过54 m时,右无砂管排水量出现陡增,为此防渗墙和防渗铺盖的防渗性能受到特别关注。从物理化学示踪和地下水流速流向和垂向流的示踪看,防渗墙和铺盖的防渗性能总体是好的,但存在局部小的渗漏点。右无砂管排水量由通过防渗墙、防渗铺盖及斜墙伸缩缝入渗的库水和右土坝基岩中沿F16断层集中渗透的地下水组成,后者是右无砂管排水量的重要组成部分,占74.7%,同时也是铺盖廊道扬压力呈增大趋势的主要原因。今后防渗重点应该是对F16断层的处理。     

Catchment‐scale controls on groundwater–surface water interactions in the hyporheic zone: implications for salmon embryo survival

The spatial and temporal variability of groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions in the hyporheic zone were investigated in a semi‐pristine upland salmon spawning catchment (Girnock Burn) in the Cairngorm Mountains, northeast Scotland. Stream and hyporheic water quality (200–300 mm depth) were monitored fortnightly at 16 spawning locations distributed throughout the catchment. Hydrochemical tracers were used to assess local GW–SW interactions. Stratified streambed incubators (50–300 mm) provided information on salmon embryo mortality at a sub‐set of ten locations. Hyporheic water quality varied both temporally and spatially according to local GW–SW interactions. It was possible to categorize sites into three broad typologies reflecting local stream–aquifer interactions: (1) groundwater‐dominated; (2) surface water‐dominated; and (3) sites exhibiting transient water table features. Groundwater upwelling occurred in areas where low permeability glacial moraine features caused substantive valley constriction. These locations were also conducive to accumulation of spawning grade gravels and consequently were utilized heavily by spawning salmon. Long residence groundwater was typically characterized by low dissolved oxygen (DO), of sufficiently low quality to be detrimental to salmon embryo survival. At sites dominated by surface water, hyporheic DO remained high throughout and rates of embryo survival were correspondingly high. Survival rates were also high at sites where hydrochemical characteristics indicated a transient water table. This is probably attributable to the hydrological conditions which resulted in increasing DO concentrations towards hatch time when embryo oxygen demand is at its maximum. The degree to which the findings of this study are directly applicable to other catchments is currently unknown. However, similar effects have been observed elsewhere, and based on the information presented here, there are clear implications for fisheries managers who may wish to consider the use of surface incubation facilities to negate the effects of low DO groundwater upwelling where it dominates available spawning habitat. It is suggested that future research should aim to integrate across spatial scales and disciplines to obtain a better understanding of the ways in which hillslope and riparian zone hydrology affect GW–SW interactions, hyporheic zone processes and stream ecology. © Crown copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FINE SILT PARTICLE PATHLINE OF DREDGING SEDIMENT IN THE YANGTZE RIVER DEEPWATER NAVIGATION CHANNEL BASED ON EFDC MODEL

Based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code(EFDC),a three-dimensional baroclinic model for lower reaches of the Yangtze River,Yangtze River Estuary,Hangzhou Bay and the adjacent sea areas was established with the sigma-coordinate in the vertical direction and the orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in the horizontal direction.The fine silt particle tracers were injected during different tides with the calibrated three-dimensional numerical model in the Yangtze River Estuary to simulate the migration track...     

基于示踪法的土石坝裂缝发育深度检测及成因分析

根据探地雷达的检测原理,引入与土体介电常数差异较大、具有强烈反射性的示踪剂,结合探地雷达技术来检测某黏心墙土石坝裂缝的发育深度。通过对灌入示踪剂前后探地雷达检测剖面图像裂缝深度的对比分析,发现裂缝深度检测值提高了20%~50%。通过对坝体监测资料中坝体变形、库水位和裂缝开度进行相关性分析,发现土石坝正常运行情况下,坝体前后变形、水平竖向变形的不一致会引起坝体的开裂,库水位的变化是导致土石坝坝体开裂的主因。通过对坝体的裂缝发育深度的检测以及裂缝成因分析,为土石坝工程的管理和维修加固提供了科学的决策依据。     

基于示踪试验的岩溶管道及水力参数定量解析

以云南省丽江九子海洼地-甘泽泉一带岩溶地下水示踪试验为例,探究示踪试验在岩溶地下水通道研究中的应用。根据研究区水文地质条件,分析了地下水连通性及流场特征、推测岩溶通道位置,并结合Qtracer2计算模型对示踪剂穿透曲线（BTC）进行定量分析,同时也得出了岩溶管道结构参数及水力参数。试验结果表明,九子海洼地-甘泽泉一带存在水力联系,且还有其他岩溶通道存在。由此可判定地下水处于缓速紊流状态。Qtracer2程序可以实现示踪剂穿透曲线（BTC）的定量解析。      

示踪法定量分析水流连通问题

为定量分析地下水流的水量分配比例,进行了连通试验。试验以示踪剂罗丹明为媒介,利用其受特定波长光照会激发荧光的特性,采用高分析度荧光分光光度计探测示踪剂溶液荧光强度,进而建立示踪剂浓度-荧光强度曲线。试验中在某地域上游溶洞入口投放示踪剂,并在下游出口回收样品,探测其荧光强度,同时进行流量测量。根据已建立的示踪剂浓度-荧光强度曲线分析计算,得出样品中示踪剂的质量,进而根据物质质量守恒定律和示踪剂运移扩散理论推算得到上下游水量分配比例。通过试验结果分析发现：采用本方法能较准确地探测出上下游水量的分配比例,试验方法可行,结果可信,可为解决类似问题提供参考。     

鄱阳湖水利调控对湖区典型丰枯水年水动力水质影响研究

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的修建会在一定程度上阻拦长江与鄱阳湖的江湖连通性,湖区水流情势将发生改变。本研究采用有限体积法求解非结构网格下的二维浅水水动力水质模型,根据初定的枢纽工程水位调度方案,研究典型丰枯水年湖区水动力与水质条件变化。结果表明,枢纽工程建成后,丰水年星子站年平均水位抬升1.49 m,枯水年星子站年平均水位抬升1.88 m,枯水年水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位抬升变幅值、流速变幅值和工程影响的持续时间均高于丰水年。工程后丰水年枯水期水面面积增加15.3%,水量增加29.2%,枯水年枯水期水面面积增加22.8%,水量增加54.1%。选用示踪剂模型研究工程后湖区物质输运条件的改变,发现湖区物质输运过程明显减慢。典型丰水年水力滞留时间增幅为1~2 d,典型枯水年水力滞留时间增幅2~9 d;典型丰水年示踪剂传输时间增加值1~9 d,典型枯水年示踪剂传输时间增加值1~20 d。     

连通试验观测仪

水利水电工程中的连通试验多采用示踪剂法、水位传递法，需要专业人员24h蹲守观测，连通试验观测仪则一改传统岩溶洞穴连通试验需大量人员直接守侯泉眼观测的方法，采用现代电子技术，实现信号采集、记录、传递自动化。     

基于示踪试验的多重裂隙网分级与渗透参数确定

裂隙岩体渗漏已经成为危害水库坝体和地下厂房的重要问题,由于裂隙岩体中存在不同规模的裂隙,因此研究裂隙网络中地下水流运动规律有助于解决地下工程的防渗问题。以某抽水蓄能电站为例,在上水库和地下厂房之间进行了现场示踪试验,根据试验结果对裂隙网络进行了多重分级,并计算了各分级裂隙网络的渗透参数。结果表明:各渗透参数基本随着裂隙网络级数的增加而减小,且各分级网络的渗漏量与导水系数成正比,同时室内试验结果也验证了这一规律的正确性。因此,多重裂隙网络的分级有助于确定裂隙岩体渗漏通道的规模,为裂隙岩体渗流的计算提供可靠的渗透参数,从而为地下工程的防渗提供依据。