Nonpoint Source Pollution Taxes and Excessive Tax Burden

If a regulator is unable to measure firms’ individual emissions, an ambient tax can be used to achieve the socially desired level of pollution. With this tax, each firm pays a unit tax on aggregate emissions. In order for the tax to be effective, firms must recognize that their decisions affect aggregate emissions. When firms behave strategically with respect to the tax-setting regulator, under plausible circumstances their tax burden is lower under an ambient tax, relative to the tax which charges firms on the basis of individual emissions. Firms may prefer the case where the regulator is unable to observe individual firm emissions, even if this asymmetric information causes the regulator to tax each firm on the basis of aggregate emissions.     

Idea and goals of environmental protection and ecological construction in the 11^th five-year plan period

In this paper, the executive of the 10th Five- Year Plan in the field of environmental protection and ecological constrution is reviewed, and the charactristics of economic growth and its environmental impact on the 11^th Five-Year Plan is forecasted and analyzed. A principal idea of eavironmental protection and ecological construction is put forward for the 11^th Five-Year Plan pertod： strensgthen the point treatment in key areas and set the main targets based on the idea. The relating countermeasures in national level are proposed as follows： set up appropriate ideas for official achievements by launching resources and environmental cost acconting; adjust the industrial struacture actively by industrial policies and strenuous work; develop circular economy, change the mode of environmental protecgon from end treatment to headstream and proeess control： strengthen the market mechanism in the process of pollution treatment, set up the system of ＂who treats who benefits＂ ; perfect interrelated laws and standards, strengthen the ability of environmental munagement; lay extra emphasis on two key targets： water pollution tretment in key river basins and management of the reserves; and combine the ecological consnuction and poverty alleviation in higher level.     

Managing the international commons: Resource use and pollution control

The simultaneous management, in an international context, of free-access renewable resources and transboundary pollution, is examined in a dynamic game framework. First-best outcomes under international cooperation are determined and compared to noncooperative outcomes when countries follow linear Markov strategies. An international policy consisting of taxes on emissions and harvesting, with international redistribution of tax receipts, is used to achieve the cooperative solution. In addition, side payments may be required to prevent free riding and thus make the international policy implementable.Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the International WorkshopEconomic Aspects of International Water Resources Utilization in the Mediterranean Basin, Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei, Milan, October 1993, and the Fifth Annual Conference of EAERE, Dublin, June 1994. I would like to thank Peter Berck, Charles Kolstad, Mordechai Schechter, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments.     

论农地的外部效益与补偿

农地农用产生显著的外部效益．只有得到社会普遍的认知以及在经济上实现激励补偿才有助于农地的有效保护并持续供给．增进社会福利。本文详述了农地对全社会的外部效益．进而探讨了相应补偿的构想．最后提出了实施补偿的政策建议。     

成都创建国家环境保护模范城市的启示

成都市创建国家环境保护模范城市活动进一步改善了城市创业环境和人居环境,全面提升了城市服务功能与综合价值,提高了公众生活质量,使成都市初步走上了环境和经济相互促进,人与自然和谐共生的可持续发展道路,呈现出经济快速发展、环境清洁优美、生态良性循环的良好态势。从成都创建国家环境保护模范城市实践中,我们可以得到以下启示:创建国家环境保护模范城市是构建和谐社会,落实科学发展观,全面建设小康社会,提高城市综合实力与城市竞争力的前提;创建国家环境保护模范城市必须承担发展经济和保护生态的双重任务,并且需要建立持续增长的投入机制;国家环境保护模范城市建设更需要注重生态型社会的建设。     

关于国际自由贸易与环境保护的理论多视角研究

由于立场不同。国际上关于自由贸易与环境保护的理论存在着较多分歧。本文主要从发达国家视角、发展中国家视角、全球视角这三个方面对相关理论进行了分类介绍和评述。文章最后对自由贸易和环境保护之间的关系进行了归纳，希望能对我国在可持续发展的基础上更好地开展自由贸易提供一些理论参考。     

农村住宅抗震安全性问题

分析了地震中农村住宅的破坏原因和不符合抗震设防要求的方面,提出了农村自建住宅的抗震设防措施,对村镇新建住宅的建设有一定的借鉴意义.     

手扶拖拉机运输操纵性能的改进设计

文章从东风-12型手扶拖拉机入手,针对手把式手扶拖拉机在运输操纵性能方面的缺陷,讨论在原机结构允许的情况下,用差速器及差速锁取代牙嵌式离合器,对其相应机构进行改进,改造为差速器式手扶拖拉机,从而提高运输操纵性及安全性,并保证较低的改造成本。     

试论经济发展与耕地资源保护

工业化、城镇化是我国现代化的大趋势，在这个过程中势必要占用一部分耕地，如何协调双方均衡发展，是摆在我们面前的一大课题。国家明确了土地资源保护和管理“必须严而又严”的总要求，提出了在经济发展中“在保护中求发展，在发展中求保护”的总原则。为此，本文根据近7年来土地锐减的现状，分析了经济快速发展中的耕地基本现状，探讨了耕地保护的必要性和重要性，根据“最大限度地发挥资源的经济效益，社会效益和环境效益”的总方针，紧紧联系我国的实际情况，提出了经济发展中耕地保护的途径。     

我国生态环境保护和治理的财政政策选择

环境的公共产品性质和外部性，决定了它应该成为政府财政投资的重点。因而财政政策对环境保护和治理的影响极大。从总体上看，我国的财政政策在支持生态环境保护和治理中发挥了重要作用。但由于财政政策在设计上存在着缺陷，致使其在生态环境建设中的支持作用未能完全发挥。基于此，本文提出了完善我国生态环境可持续发展的财政政策建议。