软黏土不排水循环应力应变关系的数值模拟

对程星磊等提出的总应力形式增量弹塑性本构模型进行二次开发,以模拟复杂应力状态下软黏土的响应。通过Newton-Raphson算法,对材料非线性问题进行迭代求解;针对本构模型中应力反向等一系列关键性问题,应用欧拉切线算法编写了有限元程序,并结合子增量方法提高了计算精度。预测了软黏土在轴对称应力状态下的响应,得到了应力应变关系曲线,将其与单元预测结果进行比较,二者趋于一致,从而验证了有限元程序编写的合理性。利用该程序模拟三轴不固结不排水试验,模拟结果与试验吻合良好,表明该本构模型有限元程序可以反映轴对称应力状态下软黏土的不排水应力应变特性,可应用于更加复杂边值问题的模拟计算。     

小长宽比鱼道池室水力学试验研究

鱼道水流条件是影响其过鱼效果的重要因素。在分析鱼道类型及其特点的基础上,针对应用最为广泛的竖缝隔板式鱼道,通过1∶4的大比尺局部物理模型试验,研究了各级水池长宽比小于1.0条件下的隔板布置及竖缝宽度,对比了3种布置方案,分析评价了竖缝流速指标以及池室流速分布、流态和消能特性,提出了适合小长宽比池室条件下的鱼道隔板布置型式。通过1∶12.5的鱼道整体水力学模型试验,对运行水力指标进行了验证分析,确立了减小隔板前局部水位壅高及提高竖缝流速沿程均匀性的设计原则;为适应鱼道进、出口水深的变化,从生态明渠引水补充鱼道流量,最小补水流量为0.22 m~3/s。试验结果表明,这种鱼道布置型式可推广应用到其他类似鱼道工程中。     

再生混凝土材料声学特性参数分析

为在混凝土无损检测中采集到高信噪比的声发射信号,对再生混凝土材料的声学特性参数进行了试验研究。通过模拟加载确定了声发射检测环境的门槛值,采用断芯试验测试了再生混凝土材料的检测时间参数,包括峰值鉴别时间(PDT)、撞击鉴别时间(HDT)和撞击闭锁时间(HLT);同时确定了信号在再生混凝土材料中的传播波速,为再生混凝土材料声发射检测参数的设置提供了一定的试验依据。该声发射检测参数设置具有操作简单易行、实时动态、对原有建筑物损伤小等特点,在混凝土结构声发射检测中具有较好的适用性。     

轴对称条件下水泥土强度特性试验研究

通过水泥土等p三轴剪切试验、常规三轴固结排水剪切试验(CD)与三轴固结不排水剪切试验(CU),对水泥土力学特性进行研究,讨论水泥土的应力～应变曲线变化特点和强度特性。试验结果表明:水泥土的应力～应变曲线为软化型,软化程度与围压有关;不同应力路径对水泥土强度有一定的影响,但影响程度较弱;小围压作用下水泥土具有剪胀性,类似强超固结土;高围压下,水泥土类似弱超固结土;残余强度均随围压的增加呈线性增大,CD试验残余强度高于CU试验,残余强度与峰值强度的比值随围压的增大而增大,增大速率逐渐减小;水泥土CU试验的有效强度包线与CD试样强度包线基本一致。     

不同围压和层理下板岩三轴蠕变试验及损伤模型研究

为了研究围压和层理对板岩三轴蠕变特性的影响,制备了最大主应力方向与层理夹角为 0°和 90°的 2 组岩样( 0°为平行组; 90°为垂直组) ,分别进行 5 MPa、10 MPa、15 MPa 围压下的三轴蠕变试验。结果显示: 板岩在三轴应力条件下的蠕变具有瞬时弹性阶段、稳定蠕变阶段、加速蠕变阶段这三个阶段特征; 在同一围压下,垂直组试样加载级数大于平行组岩样加载级数; 垂直组试样的瞬时弹性应变高于平行组试样; 垂直组试样的累计蠕变应变均低于平行组试样。计算长期强度与峰值强度的比值得到垂直组试样的强度损伤低于平行组试样; 围压越高,试样蠕变变形越小,峰值强度和长期强度越高。基于 Kachanov 蠕变损伤理论,考虑层理角度的损伤,引进一个弹塑性损伤元件,建立了描述不同层理角度板岩蠕变过程的改进西原模型,用该模型对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明: 模型能够较好地反映蠕变三阶段; 垂直组试样的弹性模量、黏滞系数比平行组试样相对较大,蠕变参数基本随着围压的增大而增大,体现了围压效应,这与试验结果相吻合。     

The Sanaga discharge at the Edea Catchment outlet (Cameroon): An example of hydrologic responses of a tropical rain‐fed river system to changes in precipitation and groundwater inputs and to flow regulation

The Sanaga River is one of Sub‐Saharan Africa's largest and greatly regulated rivers. Available flow data for this hydrosystem largely cover the pre‐ and post‐regulation periods. From comparisons between unregulated (hypothetical) and observed scenarios, it has been possible to separate and to quantify hydro‐climatic (groundwater + rainfall) change effects from anthropogenic impacts (especially dam‐related alterations). To appreciate shifts in the river regime, discontinuity detection tests and the IHA model were applied to discharge data series reflecting average and extreme flow conditions, respectively. Results obtained principally from the Hubert segmentation method reveal that a major discontinuity occurred in 1970–1971 separating a surplus phase between 1945–1946 and 1969–1970, and a deficient and much contrasted one, from 1971/1972. This implies that the Sanaga catchment is dominantly affected by hydro‐climatic changes. However, wide land cover/land use changes experienced here since 1988 have resulted in an increase in surface runoff. Additional quickflows linked to these changes may have partly compensated for the substantial decline in the dry season rainfall and groundwater inputs observed from this date. Although at the monthly scale, dam‐related impacts on average flows increase with stage of regulation, the seasonal variability of the river regime remains generally unaffected. A comparison of the IHA statistics, calculated from unregulated and observed streamflow data, show that hydrologic shifts occurring in maximum and minimum discharges are mostly significant from 1971/1972 and are mainly due to the action of dams. Minimum flows appear, however, widely impacted, thus reflecting the prime objective assigned to the existing reservoirs, constructed to supplement flows for hydroelectricity production during the dry season. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺砂水泥复合土力学性能研究

水泥复合土不同围压下的常规三轴试验和无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明:在水泥土中掺入一定量的砂,可以提高水泥土的无侧限抗压强度;在有围压作用的情况下,掺砂水泥复合土的偏应力—应变关系曲线有明显的峰值,偏应力—应变关系曲线属加工软化型,其残余强度和破坏应变随着围压的增大而增大。通过SEM电镜扫描照片,进一步从微观角度分析了水泥复合土的固化机理。     

Diversification Benefits of Japanese Real Estate Over the Last Four Decades

This paper studies the benefits of diversifying into real estate and other assets that typify the wealth held by Japanese investors. We examine movements in mean variance frontiers by employing spanning tests to assess the statistical significance of frontier shifts. We also investigate the impact of shifts in mean variance frontiers before and after the precipitous decline in Japanese real estate and stock market values that began in 1990. Spanning tests show that real estate, short and long-term bonds, and Japanese equity provide significant diversification benefits. We find that mean variance frontiers shift after 1990. Statistically significant shifts are also economically important as measured by Sharpe ratio changes. Although significant, the portfolio weights on Japanese real estate are relatively small compared to their composition found in surveys of Japanese household wealth.     

Using Market Expectations to Test for Speculative Bubbles in the Crude Oil Market

The wide fluctuations of oil prices from 2003 to 2008 have attracted the interest of academics and policymakers. A popular view is that these fluctuations were caused by speculative bubbles due to the increased financialization of oil futures markets. This hypothesis, however, is difficult to examine since the fundamental price of oil is unobservable and, therefore, econometric evidence in favor of bubbles may actually be due to misspecified market fundamentals. In this paper, we extend two recently proposed methodologies for bubble detection that alleviate this problem by using market expectations of future prices. Both methodologies provide no evidence of speculative bubbles.     

Measuring the liquidity part of volume

Based on the concept that the presence of liquidity frictions can increase the daily traded volume, we develop an extended version of the mixture of distribution hypothesis model (MDH) along the lines of Tauchen and Pitts (1983) to measure the liquidity portion of volume. Our approach relies on a structural definition of liquidity frictions arising from the theoretical framework of Grossman and Miller (1988), which explains how liquidity shocks affect the way in which information is incorporated into daily trading characteristics. In addition, we propose an econometric setup exploiting the volatility–volume relationship to filter the liquidity portion of volume and infer the presence of liquidity frictions using daily data. Finally, based on FTSE 100 stocks, we show that the extended MDH model proposed here outperforms that of Andersen (1996) and that the liquidity frictions are priced in the cross-section of stock returns.