Strategic change of public research units in their scientific activity

The current debate on public sector research in modern economies has generated an increasing interest regarding the scientific activity of research units for external users. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between production of basic research and applied activity of public research units, focusing Italian case-study. The results show an increasing crowding-out effect between applied activity vs. basic research. This effect is due to cuts in research unit budgets and increased push by governments that have obliged the researchers to collaborate with firms and external institutions for getting funds more and more necessary to the economic survival of public research institutes. In addition, to cope with consequential environmental threats, Italian research organizations have been facing a strategic change. In fact, public research institutes now operate as research units market-oriented and researchers focus on applied activity and consultancy, rather than basic research. This strategic change of public research institutions is also present in several countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Norway, and so on. Because of this worldwide tendency, there is the threat, in public research organizations, of less discovery-based research around longer term needs centred on public welfare that also affect, negatively, long-run economic growth.     

欧元vs美元:并非零和博弈

欧元的实行提供了一种更完善的公共产品,它将被证明对欧元区内外的使用者都有利,包括所有在欧元区内和与欧元区有商业往来的部门。欧元具有改善欧元区国家经济表现的作用,从更广泛的意义上,欧元也是合作与和平一体化的标志,从这两方面,所有非欧元区的国家都可以间接得益。     

基于SPH方法的阶梯式溢洪道消能特性研究

为了研究阶梯式溢洪道的消能特性,本文通过二维建模的方式,利用光滑质点水动力学方法(SPH)对31阶阶梯式溢洪道的水流进行数值模拟,将模拟值与试验值进行了对比,并针对2种台阶数目和4种单宽流量共计8种工况,对不同工况的阶梯式溢洪道沿程水深、水流流速以及消能率进行了分析。结果表明,31阶阶梯式溢洪道水流的水面深度、流速和压强模拟值与试验值吻合较好;36阶和60阶阶梯式溢洪道沿程水深和水流流速与单宽流量呈正相关趋势,随着单宽流量的增加而增大,且在水流稳定之后,水面深度和流速都会维持在某一个值附近;而阶梯式溢洪道消能率沿程逐渐增大并在最后一级台阶处达到最大值。同时,当溢洪道体型一定,消能率随着单宽流量的减小呈上升趋势,当单宽流量减小至0.1283m2/s,36阶和60阶阶梯式溢洪道的消能率分别达到了83.67%和82.86%。     

基于能耗率的黄河下游河型变化趋势分析

利用黄河下游21a实测水文数据,逐年计算了其中6个河段的单位水流功率,分析了各河段的演化发展特征.研究结果表明:黄河下游弯曲河段的单位水流功率小于游荡河段的单位水流功率,过渡型河段的单位水流功率介于弯曲河段和游荡河段的单位水流功率之间;花-夹和夹-高游荡型河段21a的单位水流功率变化幅度较大,说明这两个河段的游荡特性至今没有得到改善,远离相对平衡状态;高-孙和孙-艾过渡型河段的单位水流功率逐渐下降,且自90年代中期以来变化幅度不大,其游荡特性已逐渐消失,越来越趋近于相对平衡状态;艾-泺和泺-利弯曲型河段21a的单位水流功率围绕着其平均值变化幅度越来越小,趋于相对平衡状态.     

龙滩700 MW水轮发电机注入式定子接地保护对调速器残压测频的影响分析

∶文章简述了龙滩水电厂机组发电机注入式定子接地保护以及调速器测频方式,分析了不同PT断线方式情况下前者对后者的采样影响的原因,同时结合现场试验总结出两者的影响关系。以便研制出更合理的定子接地保护方式,或更可靠调速器测频方式,以提高大型水轮发电机组安全运行的可靠性。     

Economic crisis and tourism competitiveness in Spain: permanent effects or transitory shocks?

This paper considers the influence of business cycles and economic crises on Spain's tourism competitiveness. This competitiveness is measured by its share in world tourism. Analysing the presence of unit roots in the market share series from 1958 to 2010, the permanent effects of economic crises on competitiveness are evaluated. The evidence from standard linear unit root tests indicates that crises on Spanish market shares are highly persistent. When we account for endogenously determined structural breaks, we obtain greater support for stationarity, but breakpoints are identified with major economic crises. Therefore the main conclusion obtained is that the effects of the economic shocks are not neutral on competitiveness, with the negative effects being more persistent in highly intensive crises. These crises reinforce a natural downward trend of the Spanish world tourism market share caused by the natural emergence of new competing destinations and by the maturity of the Spain's principal tourism product.     

300MW可逆式机组背靠背启动振荡分析及对策

随着电网容量的逐渐增加,可逆式抽水蓄能电站作为电网中调峰、填谷、调频、调相和事故备用等多种用途的特殊电源,具有运行灵活和反应快速的特点,对确保电力系统安全、稳定和经济运行具有重要作用。可逆式抽水蓄能电站常规设置的启动方式是以静止变频器启动为主,背靠背启动为备用。在电网静止变频器发生故障时,采用背靠背启动是一种非常便捷的方式。以大型抽水蓄能电站背靠背启动试验为背景,阐述了抽水蓄能电站机组背靠背拖动流程、被拖动机组的开启物理过程;以实际拖动试验中遇到的问题为例,分析讨论了励磁、导叶开启过程和次同步过流保护对启动过程的影响,并结合现场调试、运行经验,提出了有针对性的解决方案,以满足机组运行的可靠性指标。     

广东水利实行工程质量100%第三方检测模式探讨

水利工程实行工程质量100％第三方检测作为一种新的检测模式，在部分省份试点开展。该文分析了工程质量施工单位自检的弊端，对推行工程质量100％第三方检测具有的优势进行了探讨，对目前广东省所实施100％第三方检测的情况进行了简要介绍。根据理论分析和实践两个方面，在广东省乃至全国的水利工程全面实行工程质量100％第三方检测是工程质量检测的发展趋势。     

布达尔水电站装机容量设计分析

根据新疆塔什库尔干独特的地理位置及气候条件,通过布达尔水电站工程规模的论证,依据工程设计实例,简述了该工程的水利动能及单机容量计算、特征水位的选择、装机容量,最终通过比选确定电站装机规模及单机容量。     

The Generalized Unit Value Index Family

This study introduces a group of Generalized Unit Value indices that evaluate price level changes. The approach is to transform the original price and quantity data into numbers that all relate to a common unit which provides the same intrinsic worth to the consumers. When, in the transformed data, an equivalence of worth is present, then even incommensurables can be aggregated by the standard unit value method. The group of Generalized Unit Value indices includes some well‐known (Laspeyres, Paasche, Banerjee), barely known (Lehr, Davies), and previously quite unknown price indices. Using a Generalized Unit Value price index as a deflator yields a particularly appealing and useful quantity index.