三峡-葛洲坝两坝间现行船队通航流量适应能力研究

三峡—葛洲坝两坝间河道通航难点段诸多,河道蜿蜒曲折,沟壑浅滩水流紊乱,并存在泡漩等不利的险恶流态,给船舶(队)的航行安全带来隐患。介绍了5套运行较多、具有代表性的船舶(队),在两坝间来流量45 000～35 000 m3/s时进行的通航船模试验成果。在来流量40 000 m3/s以下,各船队可通过两坝间各困难航段,其航行指标基本满足船队安全航行的要求,500 t以下的各小型船队应限定在来流量35 000 m3/s以下航行,较为安全;两坝间河道的6个困难航段中,上行较难的为喜滩和狮子垴段,居中为莲沱段、其次为石牌、偏垴和南津关段。该研究成果对今后两坝间行船有一定的实用价值和指导意义。     

A physical approach of the short-term wind power prediction based on CFD pre-calculated flow fields

A physical approach of the wind power prediction based on the CFD pre-calculated flow fields is proposed in this paper. The flow fields are obtained based on a steady CFD model with the discrete inflow wind conditions as the boundary conditions, and a database is established containing the important parameters including the inflow wind conditions, the flow fields and the corresponding wind power for each wind turbine. The power is predicted via the database by taking the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) wind as the input data. In order to evaluate the approach, the short-term wind power prediction for an actual wind farm is conducted as an example during the period of the year 2010. Compared with the measured power, the predicted results enjoy a high accuracy with the annual Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 15.2% and the annual MAE of 10.80%. A good performance is shown in predicting the wind power’s changing trend. This approach is independent of the historical data and can be widely used for all kinds of wind farms including the newly-built wind farms. At the same time, it does not take much computation time while it captures the local air flows more precisely by the CFD model. So it is especially practical for engineering projects.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus changes and optimal drainage time of flooded paddy field based on environmental factors

While many controlled irrigation and drainage techniques have been adopted in China, the environmental effects of these techniques require further investigation. This study was conducted to examine the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus of a flooded paddy water system after fertilizer application and at each growth stage so as to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage. Four treatments with different water level management methods at each growth stage were conducted under the condition of ten-day continuous flooding. Results show that the ammonia nitrogen (NH⁺₄-N ) concentration reached the peak value once the fertilizer was applied, and then decreased to a relatively low level seven to ten days later, and that the nitrate nitrogen (NO^-₃-N) concentration gradually rose to its peak value, which appeared later in subsurface water than in surface water. Continuous flooding could effectively reduce the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N, NO^-₃-N , and total phosphorus (TP) in surface water. However, the paddy water disturbance, in the process of soil surface adsorption and nitrification, caused NH⁺₄-N to be released and increased the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N and NO^-₃-N in surface water. A multi-objective controlled drainage model based on environmental factors was established in order to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage and better guide the drainage practices of farmers. The optimal times for surface drainage are the fourth, sixth, fifth, and sixth days after flooding at the tillering, jointing-booting, heading-flowering, and milking stages, respectively.     

水流含沙量和流速对水轮机磨蚀性能的影响

水流含沙量和流速是影响水轮机磨蚀性能的非常重要的两大因素,其影响规律对水轮机磨蚀的防治有很重要的理论意义和参考价值.采用黄河原型沙,通过试验研究不同泥沙含量和不同水流流速条件下水轮机材料的磨蚀外貌、磨蚀失重量和磨蚀失重率.通过对试验结果进行定性和定量分析,得到水轮机磨蚀与水流含沙量、磨蚀与水流流速之间的关系,并得到数学回归式,找出水轮机磨蚀的基本规律,为多泥沙河流水轮机的参数选择与磨蚀防治提供了依据.     

长江口北槽泥沙起动流速研究

在大量实测资料分析、室内水槽试验和现场坐底观测试验的基础上,对长江口北槽泥沙起动流速特性进行了分析研究。首先分析了北槽河床质实测资料,明确了北槽中段河床组成特性。通过北槽天然沙的室内水槽试验研究了天然沙在浅水区的起动特性。通过北槽现场坐底观测的实测结果分析了北槽实际的泥沙起动特征,其中泥沙起动状态主要通过近底泥沙浓度变化和床面冲淤变化的判定。在以上实测资料的基础上分析了北槽的泥沙起动规律,推荐了在浅水区和深水区适宜的泥沙起动流速经验公式。     

泥沙起动流速的随机分析

泥沙起动流速是河流泥沙动力学基本概念之一,对泥沙运动及河床冲淤变形研究有着重要意义.天然河流中的泥沙运动多处在紊流状态下,其影响因素极其复杂,具有显著的随机性.本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,从流体力学层面论述了以作用于泥沙颗粒上的局部流速表示泥沙起动流速的合理性,进一步拓展分析,指出了以往公式的不足,给出了以局部点流速表示的包括散粒体与粘性颗粒在内的全沙起动流速公式,继而与各家公式作了对比;基于随机理论,给出了泥沙普遍动、少量动、个别动的判据,并将均值流速概率化,扩展了泥沙颗粒起动的范围与认知.     

冲积河流滩槽定量划分方法及应用

通过理论分析与数值计算,研究了冲积河流漫滩水流水力因子的变化特性。结果表明,断面平均流速在漫滩瞬间迅速减小,然后逐渐增大;断面综合动能修正系数、动量修正系数均随水深而缓慢增加,在漫滩瞬间迅速增大,随即快速减小。根据漫滩水流水力因子沿水深的变化特性,提出采用断面横向平均流速为判别因子以定量划分复式断面的滩与槽。此外,文中将其应用于黄河下游漫滩水流的水沙数值模拟,其结果与实际情况符合较好。     

土石坝渗漏的波速-电阻率联合成像诊断试验研究

采用模型试验对3种不同渗漏类型的病险土石坝分别进行了波速-电阻率联合成像诊断试验。试验结果表明,采用电阻率成像诊断坝体的渗漏范围具有较高的精度,但在圈定心墙的渗漏通道时,由成像获得的电阻率异常区域较实际渗漏通道大;采用波速成像诊断坝体的渗漏范围时,诊断效果取决于含水率的变化幅度,含水率变化较小的区域,精度较低,但在圈定心墙渗漏通道时,波速成像却具有较高的精度。因此在土石坝渗漏诊断中,采用单一的电阻率成像或波速成像都具有一定局限性,而联合电阻率和波速成像可以有效提高坝体渗漏区域和心墙渗漏通道的诊断精度。     

黑龙江省水田发展北扩战略研究

从黑龙江省北部地区种植结构调整、农民增产增收以及为黑龙江省水田发展谋取新的增长空间出发,在黑河市爱辉区高寒高纬度水田种植试验取得成功的基础上,提出在第四、第五积温带进行水稻种植的条件完全具备,确定了水田北扩的范围为北纬48°~51°之间的黑河市6个县区、大兴安岭的呼玛三卡地区和伊春市的嘉荫县,并提出了水田北扩的初步设想。     

紊流模型对底坎绕流模拟效果的比较

利用Fluent软件,选取了Spalart-Allmaras模型、标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型和realizable k-ε模型共4种涡黏系数的湍流模型,对底坎绕流问题进行了数值模拟。结果表明:4种模型模拟的底坎附近的流动特征基本一致,但在回流长度、分离主涡的涡心位置及水头损失等参数方面,RNG k-ε模型的模拟效果最好,标准k-ε模型的模拟效果较差,而realizable k-ε模型和Spalart-Allmaras模型的效果居中。