公共生活用水特性研究——以北京市科研行业为例

以北京市科研行业为切入点,采用社会调查结合计量分析的研究思路尝试探讨公共生活用水特性,研究其用水结构的复杂性、日常运行的无序性和用水影响因素的显著性。发现科研行业用水包括办公楼、食堂、供冷供暖、绿化等办公用水和各类实验用水。分析了科研行业用水日常运行中在基础设施和用水管理方面的低效。选择表征规模的建筑面积变量、由人工赋值得到的定量管理水平变量以及简单反映科研单位类别的实验哑变量建立科研行业用水影响因素计量模型,发现三者均显著影响科研行业用水量。该结果预示着规模、管理水平、特定用水结构可能是公共生活用水的主要影响因素。     

超高密度电法和激电法在河北某地找水实例分析

通过介绍由澳大利亚引进的全新超高密度电法反演系统对河北省行唐县几个村庄的地下水勘查实例,对新兴的超高密度电法与传统的大功率激电测深法相结合的方式在太行山灰岩地区基岩水勘查的应用进行了可行性分析。高密度电法工作效率高、探测速度快,而大功率激电测深法探测精度高。二者有机结合,既可以提高工作效率、又可以互相印证,是一种很好的综合物探地下水勘查模式。通过平行布置电阻率测量剖面的工作方式很好的把控了破碎构造的走向,圈定了富水异常区,并最终取得了很好的勘探效果,实践证明该电法组合的勘探方式在同类地区中进行地下水勘查是很有推广价值的。     

Analysis of black water aggregation in Taihu Lake

Black water aggregation (BWA) in Taihu Lake is a disaster for the lake environment. It is a phenomenon resulting from water environmental deterioration and eutrophication caused by accumulation of pollutants in the lake, according to research on the water quality, pollutants of BWA, and occurrence mechanisms of BWA. Dead algae are the material base of BWA, the polluted sediment is an important factor for the formation of BWA, and hydrological and meteorological conditions such as sun light, air temperature,...     

Experimental study on total dissolved gas supersaturation in water

More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...     

闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别研究框架

针对重污染河流闸坝众多、水污染事故多发、防洪防污矛盾突出等问题,评估闸坝对河流水质水量影响,识别闸坝调控能力,是解决河流突发性水污染事故的科学基础和前提条件。探讨了当前闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别技术研究面临的关键科学问题,包括闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估技术方法,闸坝调控、入河污染负荷和河流水质变化之间量化关系模拟技术方法,闸坝对河流水质水量调控能力识别技术;并以淮河流域为例,结合淮河重大水专项国家需求和科技需求,初步提出闸坝对河流水质水量影响评估及调控能力识别技术研究框架,旨在为闸坝水质水量联合调度提供理论支持。     

Ecological operation for Three Gorges Reservoir

The traditional operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir has mainly focused on water for flood control,power generation,navigation,water supply,and recreation,and given less attention to the negative impacts of reservoir operation on the river ecosystem.In order to reduce the negative influence of reservoir operation,ecological operation of the reservoir should be studied with a focus on maintaining a healthy river ecosystem.This study considered ecological operation targets,including maintaining the river environmental flow and protecting the spawning and reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon and four major Chinese carps.Using flow data from 1900 to 2006 at the Yichang gauging station as the control station data for the Yangtze River,the minimal and optimal river environmental flows were analyzed,and eco-hydrological targets for the Chinese sturgeon and four major Chinese carps in the Yangtze River were calculated.This paper proposes a reservoir ecological operation model,which comprehensively considers flood control,power generation,navigation,and the ecological environment.Three typical periods,wet,normal,and dry years,were selected,and the particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to analyze the model.The results show that ecological operation modes have different effects on the economic benefit of the hydropower station,and the reservoir ecological operation model can simulate the flood pulse for the requirements of spawning of the Chinese sturgeon and four major Chinese carps.According to the results,by adopting a suitable re-operation scheme,the hydropower benefit of the reservoir will not decrease dramatically while the ecological demand is met.The results provide a reference for designing reasonable operation schemes for the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

某水源地地下水四氯化碳污染特征分析

通过对某水源地地下水的四氯化碳污染调查和日常监测数据分析,研究了该水源地四氯化碳污染晕的形态和变化特征,并选取典型水源井对其四氯化碳动态特征进行了分析。在污染发现初期,污染面积为2.73 km2,最高污染浓度为249.7μg/L,随着后期污染治理工作的开展,污染面积减小到1.24 km2,最高污染浓度下降到3.62μg/L。分析认为,污染晕形态在空间分布上主要受地下水流场的控制,同时受降水量、地下水位标高及开采量等多种因素控制,污染物由北区井群向南区井群扩散。单井四氯化碳含量动态则呈现出南北区的相反特征:在北区,四氯化碳含量随着地下水位的上升而上升,并随地下水流向南扩散;在南区,四氯化碳含量随着地下水位的上升而下降,并随地下水流向地下水漏斗中心汇集。这是由于赋存于SD1井附近包气带中的四氯化碳尚未清除造成的。     

水源区生态补偿机制理论框架研究

建立和完善水源区生态补偿机制,对保护水源区生态环境以及地区之间的协调可持续发展至关重要。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,从生态保护成本(或效益)外部性问题内部化,依据"公平、公开、公正"和"谁受益谁补偿、谁破坏谁治理"的原则,提出了水源区生态补偿概念;从生态补偿主客体的划分,补偿标准,补偿模式与补偿方式,补偿保障措施等方面提出了水源区生态补偿机制理论框架,为建立和完善水源区生态补偿机制提供理论参考。     

黑龙江黑河市小麦和大豆的灌溉计划

以黑河市典型农作物大豆和小麦为研究对象,利用气象数据和相关研究成果,计算了黑河地区大豆和小麦的需水规律和需水量,并和降水分布和有效降水量进行对比。研究发现在小麦生长阶段内,小麦需水量和降水量基本同步,但是6月-7月份亏水量约72 mm。在大豆整个生育期内,各月有效降水量均不能满足大豆的需水量,6月份缺水量最大为88 mm,生育期内共缺水量182 mm。考虑到当地矮杆作物灌水技术一般采用喷灌,建议灌水定额采用40 mm,小麦需在6月份喷灌一次,大豆在整个生育期内喷灌4~5次,以实现小麦和大豆的高产稳产。     

基于PLC控制的多泵站远程监控系统设计与实现

多泵站远程监控系统是基于PLC控制和GPRS传输的分布式远程泵站控制系统,在站点分布广泛、通讯稳定性要求高的条件下得到了很好的应用。文中介绍了多泵站远程监控系统的功能与构成,分别阐述了现场控制部分、无线传输链路和监控中心的结构与工作方式以及PLC在现场控制和数据通信中的作用,并分析了监控系统的使用效果。