Risk assessment of water security in Haihe River Basin during drought periods based on D-S evidence theory

The weights of the drought risk index （DRI）, which linearly combines the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability, are difficult to obtain due to complexities in water security during drought periods. Therefore, drought entropy was used to determine the weights of the three critical indices. Conventional simulation results regarding the risk load of water security during drought periods were often regarded as precise. However, neither the simulation process nor the DRI gives any consideration to uncertainties in drought events. Therefore, the Dempster-Shafer （D-S） evidence theory and the evidential reasoning algorithm were introduced, and the DRI values were calculated with consideration of uncertainties of the three indices. The drought entropy and evidential reasoning algorithm were used in a case study of the Haihe River Basin to assess water security risks during drought periods. The results of the new DRI values in two scenarios were compared and analyzed. It is shown that the values of the DRI in the D-S evidence algorithm increase slightly from the original results of Zhang et al. （2005）, and the results of risk assessment of water security during drought periods are reasonable according to the situation in the study area. This study can serve as a reference for further practical application and planning in the Haihe River Basin, and other relevant or similar studies.     

Impacts of water surface area of watershed on design flood简

In order to analyze the impact of the water surface area of a watershed on the design flood, the watershed was classified into a land watershed and a water surface watershed for flood flow calculation at the same time interval. Then, the design flood of the whole watershed was obtained by adding the two flood flows together. Using this method, we calculated design floods with different water surface areas of three reservoirs and analyzed the impact of water surface area on the flood volume and peak flow. The results indicate that larger water surface areas lead to greater impacts on the flood volume and peak flow. For the same watershed area, the impact of water surface area on the flood volume and peak flow is positively proportional to the flood frequency, i.e., the higher the frequency, the greater the impact becomes.     

Numerical analysis of rapid drawdown:Applications in real cases

In this study, rapid drawdown scenarios were analyzed by means of numerical examples as well as modeling of real cases with in situ measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate different approaches available for calculating pore water pressure distributions during and after a drawdown. To do that, a single slope subjected to a drawdown was first analyzed under different calculation alternatives, and numerical results were discussed. Simple methods, such as undrained analysis and pure flow analysis, implicitly assuming a rigid soil skeleton, lead to significant errors in pore water pressure distributions when compared with coupled flow-deformation analysis. A similar analysis was performed for the upstream slope of the Glen Shira Dam, Scotland, and numerical results were compared with field measurements during a controlled drawdown. Field records indicate that classical undrained calculations are conservative but unrealistic. Then, a recent case of a major landslide triggered by a rapid drawdown in a reservoir was interpreted. A key aspect of the case was the correct characterization of permeability of a representative soil profile. This was achieved by combining laboratory test results and a back analysis of pore water pressure time records during a period of reservoir water level fluctuations. The results highlight the difficulty of predicting whether the pore water pressure is overestimated or underestimated when using simplified approaches, and it is concluded that predicting the pore water pressure distribution in a slope after a rapid drawdown requires a coupled flow-deformation analysis in saturated and unsaturated porous media.     

农村小水电建设中的水电和谐开发

简要分析了我国农村小水电出现的“水电失和”现象。提出合理选择电站设计方案、增加水资源利用效益、保障河流环境与生态用水等工程措施来避免河流脱水。强调以科学发展观及和谐理念指导河流水资源开发,协调各行业用水规划以实现多方受益;加强水电开发中的环境监测与评价,减少工程建设对河流环境与生态的负面影响;通过河流水资源流域生态补偿来恢复水源地的环境与生态系统。在小水电开发中,辅助以水利旅游开发来提高水资源利用综合效益,促进区域经济、社会、环境和生态的和谐发展。     

三峡水电站发电机定子绕组绝缘测量分析与实践

大型水内冷发电机定子绕组绝缘参数的精确测量,一直是一个难题。通过对三峡ALSTOM水内冷发电机定子绕组绝缘参数测量的分析与实践,论述了提高定子绝缘参数测量精度的几个方法。如采用专用兆欧表、加厚汇水环管的绝缘法兰、减小测量元件的内阻、平衡电桥法等。     

三峡左岸电站水内冷机组纯水系统的诊断分析与改造实践

以纯水系统故障诊断与改造实践为主线,介绍了自投产以来。三峡左岸电站所遇到的纯水系统电磁泵轴瓦烧损和控制流程缺陷等主要故障的分析与处理方法。通过改造纯水系统起动方式、膨胀水箱和电磁泵等．克服了硬件设备存在的隐患,梯形图分析与模拟试验相结合,为分析和预控软件流程的潜在风险提供了有效途径。     

龙滩水电站地下引水发电系统混凝土施工技术浅析

龙滩水电站地下引水发电系统混凝土工程具有规模大、结构体形复杂、质量要求高等特点,在混凝土施工过程中,采用了斜竖井全断面滑模技术、免装修混凝土施工技术、蜗壳混凝土浇筑技术、隧洞底拱翻模技术、特大型断面边顶拱混凝土衬砌施工技术等,这些技术的应用较好地完成了混凝土施工。     

关于推进怒江流域水能资源开发的思考

从本世纪初开始,围绕开发水能资源促进怒江流域地区经济社会发展等问题曾引发了一场大讨论。通过讨论,大家一致认为：怒江流域地区的发展不能再继续等待下去,应以切实可行的步伐向前推进。结合工作实践,简要回顾了怒江水能资源开发前期工作情况,畅谈了从怒江开发讨论中得到的有益启发,对现阶段怒江中下游水能资源开发的相关工作提出了若干建议。     

多沙粗沙区水土保持措施组合的调查分析

通过对黄土高塬多沙粗沙区涉及较多的黄土丘陵沟壑区和黄土高塬沟壑区几条典型小流域和现有治理模式的调查分析,初步确定了多少粗沙区两个主要侵蚀类型区的水土保持措施组合方案。结果表明,黄土丘陵沟壑区第1副区和第2副区各水土保持措施面积占总措施面积的百分比：水平梯田18％-25％,人工造林45％-55％,人工种草20％-25％,坝地5.5％-7.5％,水地0.5％-2.7％,黄土高塬沟壑区北部和南部则分别为基本农田38％-50％、25％-38％,水保林43％-53％、33％-43％,经济林4％-15％、15％-25％,种草2％-6％、6％-20％.     

我国公益型水利工程项目投融资体制改革的设想

在介绍我国公益型水利工程项目的投融资体制的基础上,对我国公益型水利工程项目的投融资体制中存在的问题进行了系统阐述。同时,结合国外水利工程项目投融资的经验和做法,提出我国公益型水利工程项目投融资体制改革的设想。