The relationship between technology and science: Some historical and philosophical reflections. Part I

This essay offers a detailed review of the literature on the relationship between technology and science. It is in two parts. Part I begins by describing science and technology, and the differences between them. It then discusses the commonly-held technology-as-applied-science (TAS) view; the origins of this view, the support for it, and the strong historical and philosophical challenges to it, beginning more than half a century ago, are explored. The development of the steam engine is then offered as a brief case study to illustrate that science-technology relations are more complex than implied by the TAS view. Part I concludes with a consideration of ontological arguments supporting the reverse view, namely that technology is often a necessary precursor to science.Part II, to be published in a following issue, explores some of the consequences of the TAS view. One consequence is that it has generated a story-line in which scientific ideas are emphasised and other factors necessary for technological innovation have been down-played. Another consequence is that, even in cases where technology does apply scientific knowledge, the process of application is often considered obvious; the difficulties of translating ideas into artefacts may not be appreciated. The essay argues for the telling of a more complex story of science-technology relations, one which recognises their historical independence in the past, and their mutual, two-way interaction in many modern fields of endeavour. It concludes with a consideration of some economic and educational implications.     

埃塞俄比亚ADAMA风电工程风机吊装进度的主要影响因素及对策综述

总结了埃塞俄比亚ADAMA风电项目风机吊装施工进度的主要影响因素,如:风速、机位间道路、物流、货损的修复进度等,并提出了相应解决措施。在国外工程实践中,合理控制了工期,有效降低了工程成本,取得了良好效果。     

新疆某水利枢纽泄洪闸闸墩温控 防裂反馈分析

Based on the basic theory of temperature field and stress field for mass concrete, a feedback calculation for the temperature control simulation is made in accordance with the specific characteristics of the pier of the flood discharge sluice for a water control project in Xinjiang. It is known through the calculation that the adoptions of both the measure to alleviate the temperature difference between the inner and the outer concrete of the pier during the early period and the measure of the following-up temperature insulation for the concrete are the favorable methods to prevent the cracking of the pier concrete, and then this study result can provide references for the related project concerned.     

水利对粮食生产贡献率的认识与思考

针对目前很多人对农业科技进步贡献率和水利对粮食生产贡献率的不同认识,从发展历程、概念内涵、测算思路方法等方面,剖析了二者差异,认为二者在测算范围上存在大口径与小口径的差异,在测算对象上存在增量与总量的差异,在测算指标上存在产值与产量的差异,在测算方法上存在余值法与有无对比法的差异,为正确认识这两个指标提供了参考。     

土石坝渗流及应对施工技术探析

对土石坝出现流土、管涌及冲刷破坏进行了探索分析．对当今水利技术条件下的土石坝应对技术做出了探讨性分析。     

大宁调蓄水库工程建设管理概述

详细介绍了大宁调蓄水库建设过程中的工程管理和施工质量控制措施,以便为类似工程建设提供参考。     

黄河上中游流域泥沙优化配置研究

针对流域水土流失的灾害性、泥沙利用现状及泥沙优化配置的必要性,基于大系统分解-协调思想的流域泥沙优化配置原理与流域各子系统的泥沙多目标优化配置方法,构建了流域泥沙优化配置理论框架。进而建立了黄河上中游流域泥沙优化配置数学模型,该模型包括相互联系的各子系统、各分区和大系统三级泥沙优化配置数学模型,开展了不同水沙条件的黄河上中游流域泥沙优化配置方案计算,对计算结果进行了评价并提出了建议方案,为黄河上中游流域泥沙的科学治理提供了参考依据。     

“两集中、三到位”下的吴江市水行政许可情况研究

吴江市实施“两集中、三到位”后,水行政许可工作水平得到明显提升,水行政许可职能得以理顺,使审批事项更为集中,审批流程更加优化,缩短了审批所需时间,提高了行政效能,优化了队伍结构,提升了服务水平.但针对水行政许可工作中存在的一些问题,仍需加强沟通和宣传,加大后续监管力度,不断进行制度创新,使之与水利现代化建设相适应.     

大中型水电站机电工程质量全过程控制的主要措施

水电站机电工程质量控制,对确保按照设计质量要求生产供货、按照规范标准安装试验、确保电站安全稳定运行、提高经济收益有着重要的意义。但是,质量控制是一个系统全面、不断进步的工作,需要我们不断探索,不断进步。     

实施流域水功能区限制纳污制度细部工作

文章就当前如何深入落实和有效实施流域水功能区限制纳污制度,在流域执行层面怎样做好谋划整体、做实载体和求真具体3个重要环节的细部工作,进行了深度分析思考,切合实际地提出了有针对性的思路对策和具体做法,有助于实践中的借鉴和运用。