Four general principles for the management and conservation of wetlands in large lakes: The role of water levels,nutrients, competitive hierarchies and centrifugal organization

The most important factor in shoreline wetlands is variation in water depth. Superimposed upon this are gradients of soil fertility, ranging from sandy, open shorelines to sheltered, fertile bays. The use of both transplant and pot experiments shows that competitive hierarchies rapidly arise in wetland vegetation and that species are sorted along exposure and depth gradients according to their relative competitive abilities. These patterns can be summarized in the centrifugal organization model, in which competitive dominants occupy preferred core habitats and where different species and vegetation types are then arrayed outward along different constraint gradients ( Wisheu & Keddy 1992 ). Knowledge of these general patterns provides an essential tool for managing lakes and reservoirs in order to maintain and enhance biological diversity.     

Accurate environmental bioindication in floodplains in spite of an extreme flood event

The ecological reaction of species on environmental factors can differ both, temporally and geographically. Therefore, bioindicator systems must be shown to remain accurate at different places and points of time. Extreme events pose challenges for testing this robustness, which has not yet been explored systematically. The unique opportunity of the extreme flooding of the river Elbe in August 2002 was used for such a test. The bioindicator system for mean groundwater depth during the vegetation period and annual duration of inundation in floodplains studied here was developed with data collected in 1999. Data from 2003 were used to analyse the dependence of the bioindication results on the humidity of the study plots and taxonomic group (plants, molluscs and carabid beetles). For the duration of inundation, the accuracy of bioindication in 2003 was similar to that in 1999, except for the medium‐humid and dry plots using molluscs as indicators. For groundwater depth, the accuracy of bioindication in 2003 was similar to that of the reference year except in the dry plots with significantly lower accuracy for all species groups. With a few exceptions, the bioindicator system is shown to be robust and to remain accurate in spite of an extreme flood event. In conclusion, the relevance of extreme events for the robustness of bioindicator systems differs between the indicated parameters and taxonomic groups. The results stress the need to take into account the limits of the working range and the occurrence of extreme events, when testing and applying bioindicator systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于河道治理的河流生态修复

阐述河流整治带来的负面影响 ,论证对受损的河流进行生态修复的必要性 .基于河道治理的河流生态修复是指河道形态和河床断面的修复及恢复丧失的河岸带植被和湿地群落 ,可采用的具体方法有 :恢复河道的连续性 ;重现水体流动多样性 ;给河流更多的空间 ;慎重选择河道整治方案 .在介绍国内外相关研究进展情况的基础上对河流生态修复的研究和应用提出合理建议 .     

上下回流人工湿地预处理微污染水库水的研究

采用上下回流潜流人工湿地对微污染水库水进行预处理试验。根据试验数据,构建了上下回流潜流人工湿地系统CODCr、TN、TP的一级动力学模拟方程。结果表明:在水力负荷为0.4m3/(m2.d)条件下,CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP的平均去除率均分别达到56.06%、58.97%、55.91%和50.56%。湿地系统夏季处理效果明显好于其他季节。使用周期按20年考虑,日均进水量3.6m3/d,湿地建设成本为2100元,水的处理成本为0.13元/m3,这表明采用人工湿地预处理微污染水库水是经济可行的。     

人工湿地改善嘉兴市饮用水源地水质的研究

针对水质型缺水的嘉兴地区,进行了人工湿地处理技术改善饮用水源地水质的探索。介绍了嘉兴市石臼漾水厂人工湿地一期工程的设计和运行工艺流程。工程实施后对水质进行了监测和分析,并对工程所带来的经济、社会、环境等综合效益进行了评估。分析结果表明,主要水污染物降低了一个类别,水厂进口水质基本达到了《国家地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)规定的Ⅲ类水标准,基本上实现了预期的目标。经过近一年的试运行表明,嘉兴市石臼漾水厂人工湿地一期工程基本上达到了预期的目标。对湿地运行存在的一些问题和不足进行了分析,提出了改进的措施和建议。     

模拟植物生长算法在水库群优化调度中的应用

介绍了模拟植物生长算法的基本原理,针对梯级水电站优化调度问题的特点,建立了该问题的模拟植物生长算法求解模型.对基本模拟植物生长算法进行了改进,并设计了相应的算法步骤.在此基础上,将基本模拟植物生长算法及其改进算法应用于水库群优化调度中.通过对雅砻江梯级优化调度的应用分析,表明由形态素浓度决定其方向性和随机性搜索机制的模拟植物生长算法具有较强的全局搜索能力,为解决水库群优化调度问题提供了新的途径.     

衡水湖湿地生态系统恢复原理与方法

由于衡水湖流域上游建设了大量水利工程,使衡水湖入湖水量逐年减少,最终导致干涸。自2000年河北省政府批准建立衡水湖省级自然保护区,由外流域调水与本地水资源联合调度水资源,开始实施对衡水湖湿地的恢复。通过对衡水湖湿地生态系统恢复的原则、原理和方法进行分析,衡水湖湿地生态恢复方法采用外流域调水补充水源、利用水生植物控制湿地营养物质的措施、利用种子库、植物繁殖体等途径恢复植被等措施。确定恢复目标为恢复湿地功能、保护野生动物、恢复传统景观等,并对恢复后的衡水湖生物多样性进行评价,探讨湿地恢复过程中的具体问题,为北方干旱地区湿地生态恢复提供参考依据。     

P-S-R模型在海河流域湿地生态安全评价中的应用

以生态安全理论为基础,基于湿地普查和重点湿地调查结果,应用P-S-R模型,从压力、状态、响应3个方面对海河流域10个重要湿地进行生态安全评价。结果表明:海河流域重要湿地生态安全状况不容乐观,10个重要湿地中有9个处于预警状态,1个处于中度预警状态。其中生态安全指数最高的是大黄堡洼,为5.995 0,最低的为大浪淀湿地,为3.834 0,海河流域湿地整体生态安全状况近年来有向中度预警甚至极度预警状态恶化的趋势;指出必须重视海河流域湿地的生态安全建设。     

WFGD系统对汞的影响分析

利用现有控制技术来协同控制汞污染是一项科学、合理、经济的技术措施。目前普遍认为脱硫系统对脱汞有着较大去除潜力，但脱硫系统对脱汞的影响大小及影响特性有着较大的不确定性，分析了脱硫系统各运行因素对汞的影响特性及汞的二次污染等问题，为科学合理的制定汞排放技术提供参考。