用于水厂微水头发电的灯泡贯流式水轮机开发

在自来水供水过程中,存在着一些依靠水位差进行自流供水的环节。随着常规水能资源逐渐被开发殆尽,利用这部分微水头进行发电受到了关注。由于水厂工况基本不变、装置场地复杂多样等原因,常规水轮机并不适用,因此,开发新型水轮机就势在必行。结合某自来水厂安装灯泡贯流式水轮机进行发电的案例,通过传统水轮机设计理论对其进行设计,并运用计算流体动力学软件,选择SIMPLEC算法,采用基于雷诺平均N-S方程的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型对该水轮机进行数值模拟和优化,得出在不影响水厂原有水处理工艺的前提下,在水厂安装水轮发电机组利用微水头进行发电从而达到节能减排目的的较优方案。     

黄河三角洲刁口河生态补水对地下水影响的模拟分析

针对2010年以来实施的黄河三角洲刁口河流路恢复过水及湿地生态补水措施,建立黄河三角洲刁口河流路及尾闾湿地地下水数值模型,模拟黄河三角洲刁口河流路及湿地补水前后地下水变化情况,评估刁口河恢复过流及尾闾湿地补水对区域地下水的影响。结果表明,刁口河恢复过水及尾闾湿地补水对地下水具有积极补给作用,在2010年、2011年、2013年生态补水期间,刁口河沿岸地下水渗漏量分别为10.2万m3/d、10.6万m3/d、9.2万m3/d,刁口河尾闾湿地周边地下水渗漏量分别为1.4万m3/d、2.7万m3/d、1.03万m3/d;随着地下水资源的补给,补水区及周边地下水水位抬升明显,刁口河沿岸及尾闾湿地周边地下水抬升范围分别为950~1 100 m和800~1 100 m,地下水位最大抬升幅度分别为60~80 cm和35~46 cm。     

吉林省湿地调蓄洪水功能分析及其价值评估

湿地通过调节流量、减缓流速和蓄积水资源,在调节河川径流、补给地下水和维持区域水平衡中发挥着重要作用,吉林省湿地面积较大,分布较广,在调蓄洪水中具有重要价值。笔者通过核算吉林省湿地调蓄洪水价值及其在各区县的空间分配规律,阐明了吉林省湿地调蓄洪水价值整体特征。结果显示,吉林省调蓄洪水突出区域主要分布于中部和北部,其中中部突出区域面积为0.7万km~2,北部为1.2万km~2。吉林省湿地调蓄洪水总价值为2 910.1亿元,排序为人工湿地(1 218.72亿元)湖泊湿地(815.28亿元)沼泽湿地(510.97亿元)河流湿地(365.13亿元)。各区县调蓄洪水价值排序为白城市(798.52亿元)松原市(768.19亿元)长春市(413.46亿元)吉林市(302.08亿元)延边市(214.94亿元)通化市(175.06亿元)四平市(112.60亿元)辽源市(68.93亿元)白山市(56.32亿元)。另外,各区县单位面积调蓄洪水价值以松原市最大,白山市最小;人均占有调蓄洪水价值白城市最高,四平市最低。各种湿地类型其单位面积和人均调蓄洪水价值空间分布,各区县差异明显。     

Small Weirs,Big Effects: Disruption of Water Temperature Regimes with Hydrological Alteration in a Mediterranean Stream

The effects of hydrological alterations on thermal regimes due to small water provisioning schemes are poorly understood. We studied the alteration of thermal regimes in a Mediterranean stream, where a weir and a water abstraction have been previously shown to severely affect the flow regime (e.g. frequency and duration of drought) and fish assemblage. Compared to non‐impacted sites, the daily water temperature was more variable downstream of the weir, where water flow was reduced and drying occurred every summer. However, water temperature variation was smaller in a nearby downstream site dominated by effluents from a wastewater treatment plant. In addition, compared to all other sites, the times of the day to reach minimum and maximum water temperatures were markedly different in this site receiving the wastewater plant effluents and occurred earlier in the day in the site below the weir. The relationships between air and water temperatures were tight downstream but became looser and anomalous at the sites affected by water abstraction and effluent inputs. Overall, our results show that water temperature regimes in small streams are abruptly disrupted with water provisioning schemes with unknown consequences for aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Effects may be particularly stressful in Mediterranean‐climate streams, where water is scarce and hydrological alterations pervasive. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring of environmental flow outcomes in a large river basin: The Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder's long‐term intervention in the Murray–Darling Basin,Australia

The Murray–Darling Basin in south‐eastern Australia contains over 70,000 km² of wetlands and floodplains, many of which are in poor condition. In response, Australian governments have committed to a major restoration program, the Murray–Darling Basin Plan that includes management of 2,750 Gl of environmental water to protect and restore aquatic ecosystems. The restoration is being undertaken within an adaptive management framework that includes monitoring the outcomes of environmental flows in seven river valleys. This paper provides an overview of the 5‐year monitoring project and some preliminary results. Monitoring design considered the Basin Plan's environmental objectives, conceptual models of ecosystem responses to flow, and an outcomes framework linking flow responses to the environmental objectives. Monitoring indicators includes ecosystem type, vegetation, river metabolism, and fish. Responses are evaluated to identify the contribution of environmental flows to Basin Plan environmental objectives and continual improvements in management. The program is unique in that it seeks to monitor long‐term outcomes of environmental flows at the river basin scale. Despite many challenges, the monitoring has become a key part of the adaptive management of environmental flows in the Murray–Darling Basin.     

畅春园植物考证及植物景观营造

畅春园作为北京西郊的“三山五园”之一，是平地 造园的典范，也是一座以植物景观为主的皇家园林。通过对游 记、御制诗词、宫廷画和楹联匾额等史料进行考证，得出畅春 园已知植物种类32种及大致分布位置。以此为基础对畅春园 植物景观特色进行分析，认为畅春园在植物种类选择上，既因 地制宜地使用北京乡土植物，也引种了南北方的观赏植物，同 时注重生产性植物的运用；在植物配置方面，畅春园四季之景 各异，植物与建筑和山水结合凸显文化性，强调空间感；在植 物文化意境方面，楹联匾额中的植物文化反映出士大夫文人品 格，整体则体现出江山永固、君怀天下的政治思想。     

河道湿地干湿运行模式下铵氮的迁移转化研究

为优化湿地设计及运行，研究了湿地土壤温度及含水率对氨氮脱除的影响，进行了贾鲁河湿地中试工程干湿交替运行实验。室内研究结果表明，在设定条件范围内，土壤温度30℃，含水率12.5%时铵氮脱除速率最高。实验条件下湿地土壤中的铵氮脱除系铵的硝化转化和无机氮损失（氨挥发、反硝化以及微生物同化等）的协同作用结果，低温条件下主要表现为硝化转化，高温条件下以无机氮损失为主。分别建立了硝化反应及无机氮损失动力学模型，获得了不同温度、含水率条件下的模型参数。贾鲁河湿地冬季干湿运行结果表明，硝化产物累积量沿土壤深度方向递减。干化后，12 cm范围内土壤铵氮脱除率为约50%， 20~22 cm为约35%。湿地对河水铵氮的净化能力由干化前的20%升至干化后的60%。建立了冬季湿地硝化转化为主的铵氮脱除动力学方程，方程所得预测值与实际情况吻合良好，方程参数值可作为湿地冬季干湿运行管理的重要依据。     

中国水电发展与设备技术创新

介绍了国内水电发展的基本形势、任务、在水电资源开发中面临的主要困难,阐述了国内抽水蓄能技术的发展和当前抽水蓄能电站的基本情况,分析了国内水电行业需要大力推进设备技术创新的意义以及主要技术的发展瓶颈.可以看出,发展水电设备技术特别是智能化调度、流域电站梯级优化、大型水电机组设备、水电机组的革新与优化改造、相关信息资源共享等可以作为国内水电发展的方向.     

大中型水电站计算机监控系统改造设计探讨

介绍了中国大中型水电站计算机监控系统升级改造的现状、特点及发展趋势,重点剖析了监控系统升级改造的方案选择、技术重点、体系结构,以及工程实施中应注意的主要问题.结合李家峡水电站的特点,提出了监控系统的改造设计方案.     

临沂滨河湿地生态保护工程资源优势及效益分析

临沂滨河湿地生态保护工程是净化河流、恢复河流生态功能的有效手段，建成后起到涵养水源、调节水量、改善水质的作用，保障了南水北调东线调水工程水质，同时还取得了良好的生态效益及社会和经济效益，为小流域湿地修复与保护提供了可借鉴的经验。