表土复原的生态利用价值研究——关于巴彦淖尔市生产建设项目表土剥离、保护及利用的探索

表层腐殖层土壤是大自然赐予人类的难以再生的宝贵财富。表土具有较高的经济生产力,属于难以再生的资源,是生态建设的基础。从资源、生态方面考虑,生产建设项目进行表土剥离保护利用十分必要。本文分析了巴彦淖尔市表土剥离存在的主要问题,提出了表土剥离利用主要措施及有关技术要求。     

城市历史水系修复规划思路与策略研究——以长春市为例

随着近年来城市水系治理和旧城更新、历史文化复兴的开展,城市历史水系的修复越来越受到各界的关注,如何使历史水系修复与规划设计体系相结合已然成为重要议题。借助于文献综述、历史地图分析、案例的实际应用等方法展开研究,并提出了城市历史水系修复的规划目标、指标和实施途径,以及水系修复项目的工作流程。在此基础上,以长春市老城区为例,对"一纵五横"历史水系的演变过程和现状进行了调研与评估,通过基于水系留存率、内涝黑臭、遗产保留状况等方面情况来确定水系的修复工程时序,提出了治理内涝黑臭、强化水系格局、盘活滨水空间及加强公众参与的修复策略。论文研究成果可为中国其他地区及历史文化名城的水系修复提供一定的参考。     

长江生态航道技术研究进展与展望

建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计,流域经济发展要将生态保护摆在压倒性位置。系统分析了生态航道的发展历程和研究现状,重点阐述了长江生态航道技术在理论框架与评价体系、生态航道建设技术、生态监测与修复补偿方法3方面取得的重要进展和突破,并对长江生态航道技术在几个大型航道整治工程中的应用实践进行了概述,最后结合长江生态航道技术研究进展与实践,指出了未来长江生态航道技术的发展方向。     

Biomic river restoration: A new focus for river management

River management based solely on physical science has proven to be unsustainable and unsuccessful, evidenced by the fact that the problems this approach intended to solve (e.g., flood hazards, water scarcity, and channel instability) have not been solved and long‐term deterioration in river environments has reduced the capacity of rivers to continue meeting the needs of society. In response, there has been a paradigm shift in management over the past few decades, towards river restoration. But the ecological, morphological, and societal benefits of river restoration have, on the whole, been disappointing. We believe that this stems from the fact that restoration overrelies on the same physical analyses and approaches, with flowing water still regarded as the universally predominant driver of channel form and structural intervention seen as essential to influencing fluvial processes. We argue that if river restoration is to reverse long‐standing declines in river functions, it is necessary to recognize the influence of biology on river forms and processes and re‐envisage what it means to restore a river. This entails shifting the focus of river restoration from designing and constructing stable channels that mimic natural forms to reconnecting streams within balanced and healthy biomes, and so levering the power of biology to influence river processes. We define this new approach as biomic river restoration.     

Restoring Murray River floodplain wetlands: Does the sediment record inform on watering regime?

The floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Darling Basin (MDB) have been subject to the impacts of catchment and water resource development for more than a century. Their current degraded state is attributed to the regulation of the rivers and abstraction of water volume for irrigation. The MDB Plan is to return at least 2,750 Gl of mean annual flow to the system to restore the condition of waterways. Considerable recent investment in infrastructure enables water to be released into the basin's floodplain wetlands. The proposed watering regime is underpinned by modelling that suggests that, before regulation, overbank flows would have occurred regularly as discharge peaked in winter and spring. Sediment cores have been extracted from over 50 floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Basin. Those from several, large meander wavelength billabongs extend for 1,000–5,000 years suggesting that these sites were permanently inundated over that time. Others extend to ~200 years and are presumed not to have accumulated sediment until more recently. The records of most wetlands, however, only extend to the onset of river regulation in the 1920s, suggesting that before then they were not inundated for sufficient duration for net accumulation to occur. Preserved diatoms suggest that the shallow, plant‐dominated wetlands of the past have transitioned to deep, turbid water systems today. As rivers are identified as a source of sediment to wetlands, less regular inundation, rather than more, is a viable option in restoring the ecological function of these floodplain wetlands and in slowing sediment infill.     

江苏省湿地的基本特征及保护

本文论述了江苏省湿地的基本特征,从可持续发展的角度,深入剖析目前湿地现状及存在问题,并提出了江苏省湿地生态系统保护利用的科学对策。     

漓江水生态系统问题研究

本文分析指出，漓江水生态系统保护与修复的目标是保证桂林的水安全，核心在于对其价值的偏好和评估。同时，文章提出了修复的标准及其实现的关键技术和关键途径。     

滇池湿地现状及保护对策

湿地可以看作是一个内部过程长期为水控制的水—陆过渡的复合生态系统。滇池湿地具有重要而又独特的环境功能,蕴含着多样性的生物资源。近年来,滇池湿地生态严重退化,质量功能下降。本文通过分析滇池湿地退化现象和原因,提出了滇池湿地资源保护对策。     

Do Management Actions to Restore Rare Habitat Benefit Native Fish Conservation? Distribution of Juvenile Native Fish Among Shoreline Habitats of the Colorado River

Many management actions in aquatic ecosystems are directed at restoring or improving specific habitats to benefit fish populations. In the Grand Canyon reach of the Colorado River, experimental flow operations as part of the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program have been designed to restore sandbars and associated backwater habitats. Backwaters can have warmer water temperatures than other habitats, and native fish, including the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, are frequently observed in backwaters, leading to a common perception that this habitat is critical for juvenile native fish conservation. However, it is unknown how fish densities in backwaters compare with that in other habitats or what proportion of juvenile fish populations reside in backwaters. Here, we develop and fit multi‐species hierarchical models to estimate habitat‐specific abundances and densities of juvenile humpback chub, bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus in a portion of the Colorado River. Densities of all four native fish were greatest in backwater habitats in 2009 and 2010. However, backwaters are rare and ephemeral habitats, so they contain only a small portion of the overall population. For example, the total abundance of juvenile humpback chub in this study was much higher in talus than in backwater habitats. Moreover, when we extrapolated relative densities based on estimates of backwater prevalence directly after a controlled flood, the majority of juvenile humpback chub were still found outside of backwaters. This suggests that the role of controlled floods in influencing native fish population trends may be limited in this section of the Colorado River. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同植被重建模式下赣北红壤侵蚀坡地土壤养分效应

为了探讨植被重建模式与土壤养分的关系,合理改良与利用红壤侵蚀坡地,本文分析了草本、果树、果树+草、果树+草+农作物和果树+农作物等不同植被重建模式对土壤养分的影响,并运用灰色关联分析方法对不同恢复模式的土壤养分效应进行综合评价。研究结果表明:不同植被重建模式土壤养分效应差异显著,以果树+横坡套种农作物改善土壤养分效应最好,然后依次是果树+草本模式(全区覆盖优于带状覆盖)、果+草+农作物模式、果树+纵坡套种农作物,草本、果树模式改善土壤养分效应最差。赣北侵蚀坡地植被恢复,可以优先考虑恢复果树+横坡套种农作物模式和果树+草本模式。