生物浮岛技术的研发历程及在水体生态修复中的应用

由于生物浮岛技术一方面可以有效改善水质环境,另一方面还可营造良好的视觉环境和增加收入,所以在水体生态修复中得到广泛应用.介绍了生物浮岛的起源和发展,对生物浮岛进行了分类,并回顾了生物浮岛技术在全球的研究状况,然后结合其多年的研发和推广应用经验来介绍生物浮岛的关键技术及其在水体生态修复中的作用,旨在说明生物浮岛在水体生态...     

湿地水质监测技术与方法

湿地是水陆相互作用形成的特殊自然综合体.具有巨大的水文和元素循环功能,是生物多样性的“基因库”.但由于人类活动和自然因素,使其受到不同程度的污染,特别是水质污染令人担忧.文章对湿地水质监测技术、因子及方法,作了介绍.     

小浪底工程建设环境影响分析、评价与修复

阐述小浪底水利枢纽工程施工区、库区和移民安置区环境管理体系的建立后,对诱发地震进行监测、引入环境监理机制,加强现场监督协调,对水体、大气、噪声污染采取应对措施,对固体废弃物进行强化处理,开展系统化、规模化的水土保持措施建设和公共健康保障等措施,使小浪底工程建设对生态环境的不利影响得到预防和治理,施工区及周边生态明显改善,移民安置区可能发生环境影响得到有效控制,环境管理工作取得良好的效果。     

玉符河生态修复目标及方案研究

分析济南市玉符河存在的主要生态环境问题,采取样点调查方法,寻找玉符河生态水文规律,提出玉符河生态修复的目标和方案,建议在玉符河生态恢复过程中进行长期的水文与生物监测,注重本底资料的完善与积累,以便为我国河流生态修复提供借鉴。     

长江中下游护岸生态修复现状与探讨

河道岸坡是水生生态系统与陆地生态系统之间的过渡带,是一个动态的生态系统,具有相互补给水陆之间的水分和能量交换、净化水体、为动植物提供栖息地等极其重要的功能和价值。分析了长江中下游河岸带资源的减少原因和现状各种护岸工程的不足,结合长江中下游实际情况,阐述了河岸带的功能,修复岸坡生态系统的意义,并对长江中下游岸坡修复技术做了系统探讨。     

流域水资源量保护与恢复若干问题的探讨

人口的大量增加,城市的迅速扩张,需水量增加,水资源过度地被开发、水环境恶化,导致人类可以利用的水资源越来越少,水资源保护实为重中之重。流域水资源的保护一度主要侧重于水质的保护,水量保护与恢复没有得到应有的关注。根据水资源量的特征和保护的意义,分析水资源量保护和恢复影响因素,探讨水资源保护的相关问题。     

Development of a new indicator of pollutant loads and its application to the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Pollutant load reductions are often required to restore aquatic ecosystems experiencing eutrophication. Loads can be estimated using watershed models or data from monitoring stations, however data availability can limit the timeliness or comprehensiveness of the load estimates. We developed an approach to address this challenge that used watershed model results to estimate the proportion of annual nonpoint source nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sediment (Sed) loads derived from unmonitored catchments. This proportion was multiplied by the nonpoint portion of United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated annual river loads to account for annual variation in hydrologic conditions. Total loads were calculated as the sum of measured river loads, reported point sources from unmonitored areas and the estimated nonpoint source loads from unmonitored catchments. We applied this approach to the Chesapeake Bay because of its socio‐economic and ecological importance. Median watershed loads for N, P and Sed were 140, 6.4 and 3030 Mg year^?1, respectively (1990–2004). Nonpoint source loads from the monitored areas constituted the greatest source of N, P and Sed (55, 47 and 74% respectively) to the Bay. The high N, P and Sed yield rates (7.3, 0.38 and 99 kg ha^?1 year^?1, respectively) from nonpoint loads originating from unmonitored areas near the Bay resulted in 25, 32 and 26% (N, P and Sed, respectively) of the Bay's total loads (excluding direct atmospheric deposition, shoreline erosion and oceanic inputs). Disproportionately high loads of P and Seds were associated with years that experienced elevated discharge whereas N loads were directly related to discharge. Error estimates indicated that our methods were most reliable for N (±6%) but reasonable for P (±22%) and provide an effective technique for the timely estimation of pollutant loads from watersheds with unmonitored catchments. Management strategies that decrease N deposition and reduce runoff to control P and Sed transport will effectively reduce pollutant loads. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geomorphic comparison of two Atlantic coastal rivers: Toward an understanding of physical controls on Atlantic salmon habitat

River channel substrate size and mobility are important to Atlantic salmon spawning and rearing success. We compare morphology and bed sediment between two North American Atlantic coastal streams (Narraguagus River, Maine, USA and Jacquet River, New Brunswick, Canada). The watersheds have similar drainage areas and mean annual precipitation, but differing relief structure, channel longitudinal profiles and numbers of returning salmon. The lower‐relief Narraguagus River is segmented into steeper (gradient >0.002) and flatter reaches (gradient <0.0005). Flat reaches, including mainstem lakes, act as sediment sinks, preventing the continuity of downstream sediment transport. Based on field measurements, the Narraguagus River has a larger high‐flow width to depth ratio than the Jacquet River, but this difference is principally the result of outliers from low‐gradient channel reaches. Measurements of substrate grain size reveal finer river‐bed sediments on the Narraguagus River, however, Shields parameter calculations indicate that bed sediment should be mobile during high flows in both streams. We use the Shields equation to predict grain size based on channel slope, width and drainage area measured from digital elevation models (DEM) and aerial photographs. Predictions of median grain size agree with field measurements within a factor of 2 for 62–70% of the survey stations. We suggest ways that model misfits may provide opportunities to prioritize reach‐based restoration efforts. Based on expected grain size, we estimate 62% spawning and 68% rearing habitat along the length of the Narraguagus River, and 28 and 95% respectively on the Jacquet. Overall, glacial history and relief structure appear to be the first‐order controls on substrate grain size and habitat quality in these two rivers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无动力处理方式在农村生活污水处理中的应用

论述了北方某镇采用无动力处理技术处理农村生活污水的方法,工艺流程为新型化粪池-人工湿地-氧化塘工艺。运行结果表明,工程出水中污染物日均浓度COD为35~55 mg/L、BOD5为10~20 mg/L、SS为5~18mg/L、氨氮为3~5 mg/L,均能达到《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084-2005)中蔬菜a标准。处理后的出水用于周边农田灌溉,既治理了污染,又节约了资源,是绿色、低碳城镇建设的一个典范,非常适合北方乡镇新农村建设的生活污水处理和利用。     

浙江省丽水市瓯江水生态系统保护与修复

介绍浙江省丽水市瓯江水生态系统现状,根据瓯江水生态系统保护与修复的目标,提出瓯江水生态系统保护与修复的措施：对土地利用进行分级控制,构建水生态系统安全格局,编制瓯江水生态系统的保护与修复总体规划,分段实施水生态系统保护与修复,开展瓯江水生态系统保护与修复的制度与机制建设。此外,总结了瓯江水生态系统保护与修复工作的成效与存在问题。