网络营销渠道--现代企业营销渠道的新选择

21世纪网络营销已成为营销发展的趋势，一个成功的企业必须建立起网络营销渠道，做到与传统的渠道优势互补、相互促进，才能立于不败之地，实现企业目标。对网络营销渠道的概念以及如何建立和完善网络营销渠道进行了探讨。     

Engineering bureaucracy: the genesis of formal policies, positions, and structures in high-technology firms

This article examines the impact of organizational foundingconditions on several facets of bureaucratization - managerialintensity, the proliferation of specialized managerial and administrativeroles, and formalization of employment relations. Analyzinginformation on a sample of technology start-ups in California'sSilicon Valley, we characterize the organizational models orblueprints espoused by founders in creating new enterprises.We find that those models and the social composition of thelabor force at the time of founding had enduring effects ongrowth in managerial intensity (i.e., reliance on managerialand administrative specialists) over time. Our analysis thusprovide compelling evidence of path dependence in the evolutionof bureaucracy - even in a context in which firms face intenseselection pressures - and underscore the importance of the 'logicsof organizing' that founders bring to new enterprises. We findless evidence that founding models exert persistent effectson the formalization of employment relations or on the proliferationof specialized senior management titles. Rather, consistentwith neo-institutional perspectives on organizations, thosesuperficial facets of bureaucracy appear to be shaped by theneed to satisfy external gatekeepers (venture capitalists andthe constituents of public corporations), as well as by exigenciesof organizational scale, growth, and aging. We discuss someimplications of these results for efforts to understand thevarieties, determinants, and consequences of bureaucracy.     

Closed-end country funds and U.S. market sentiment

Closed-end country funds can trade at large premiums and discountsfrom their foreign asset values (NAVs). Investigating this anomaly,we find that individual fund premiums move together, primarilybecause of the comovement of their stock prices with the U.S.market. Moreover, an index of country fund premiums differentiatessize-ranked U.S. portfolio returns and forecasts country fundstock returns. These findings suggest that international equityprices are affected by local risk. In particular, we show thatcountry fund premium movements reflect a U.S.-specific risk,which may be interpreted as U.S. market sentiment.