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1.
This article takes up some examples of social change which call for a broader scope in consumer policy and research: (a) consumers' feeling of a loss of control of their lifes in a complex industrial society; (b) the frequent interchange of functions between the public and private spheres of life and the new meaning attached to household activities; (c) the cultural crisis of the family in a situation requiring changing roles and new division of work; and, finally, (d) the necessity of applying collective means to reach welfare when individual satisfaction is becoming more and more dependent on other people's behaviour.
Soziale und Umweltentwicklungen fordern eine neue Verbraucherpolitik
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag greift zunächst die Unterscheidung von direkter und indirekter Verbraucherpolitik auf, so wie sie in einigen skandinavischen Ländern verwendet wird. Nach dieser Unterscheidung gehören zur direkten Verbraucherpolitik die traditionellen Gebiete der Verbraucherinformation und -erziehung, des Verbraucherrechts und der Produktsicherheit sowie Wettbewerbsfragen. Demgegenüber bedeutet indirekte Verbraucherpolitik die Berücksichtigung und Förderung des Konsumenteninteresses durch andere Politikbereiche wie z.B. durch Beschäftigungs-, Lohn-, Wohnungs-, Verkehrs-, Familien- oder Umweltpolitik.Der Beitrag vertritt die These, daß die indirekte Verbraucherpolitik relativ an Bedeutung gewinnen muß, da nur sie langfristig das Wohlergehen und die Zufriedenheit von Konsumenten fördern kann. Voraussetzung dafür ist eine Verbraucherforschung, die nicht nur vordergründig an den Kaufhandlungen der Konsumenten, sondern stärker an den Veränderungen ihrer Wertvorstellungen und an den Wandlungen der sozialen und physischen Umwelt orientiert ist.Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit solchen Wandlungen und hebt dabei besonders hervor (a) die mangelnden Einflußmöglichkeiten auf die Gestaltung des eigenen Lebens, die von Konsumenten in komplexen Industriegesellschaften empfunden wird, (b) die Änderungen im gegenseitigen Verhältnis von öffentlichen und privaten Lebensbereichen und die gewandelte Einschätzung hauswirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten, (c) die Krise der Familie in einer kulturellen Situation, die Rollenveränderungen und neue Arbeitsteilungen erfordert und (d) kollektive Wege zur Wohlfahrtssteigerung, die stets dann notwendig werden, wenn die individuelle Zufriedenheit des einzelnen in wachsendem Ausmaß vom Verhalten anderer abhängt.


Liisa Uusitalo is a Docent at the Helsinki School of Economics, Runeberginkatu 14–16, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland. The paper was first presented at the symposium Consumers' influence on public and private consumer policy, Smygehus, Sweden, September 21–23, 1982, sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation and the Marcus and Marianne Wallenberg Foundation.  相似文献   
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We examine how the development of three types of career capital (knowing how, knowing whom, and knowing why) during an international assignment affects the perceived marketability of organizational expatriates. Using the perceived marketability perspective and long‐term follow‐up data, we show that knowing how is seen as the most transferable type of career capital, while the development of other aspects of career capital has little impact on perceived marketability. We also show that career capital development is more recognized in the external market than by current employers. Our findings expand our understanding of long‐term career marketability among people who have completed international assignments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   
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Environmental preferences and behaviour can shed some light on the more general problems of rationality. This article will explore the completeness and transitivity of preferences for environmental quality and other social goals. Reasons for possible inconsistencies will be discussed, and the consistency of preference rankings studied with the help of survey data and the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. The results show that it is difficult for respondents to give complete and transitive preference rankings when they compare abstract social goals. However, preferences are very consistent with respect to the most and the least preferred options. Different population subgroups seem to have rather similar preference orderings. This reflects the existence of largely shared values in the population studied. Environmental quality is generally perceived as one of the most important social goals, and the study shows a high demand for this collective good. However, free riding tendencies are present as soon as a social goal interferes with the respondents' own economic utility. Shifts between a collective welfare criterion and an individual utility criterion may be one of the reasons for the inconsistency of preference rankings of social goals.
Konsumentenpräferenzen für die Qualität der Umwelt und andere soziale Ziele
Zusammenfassung Die Analyse von Umweltpräferenzen und Umweltverhalten kann etwas beitragen zu der Frage der Rationalität von Konsumenten. Der vorliegende Artikel erforscht die Vollständigkeit und Transitivität von Präferenzen für Umweltqualität und andere soziale Ziele. Er diskutiert Gründe für mögliche Inkonsistenzen und analysiert die tatsächliche Konsistenz von Präferenzrangordnungen mit Hilfe von Umfragedaten und der AHP-Methode (Analytic Hierarchy Process Method).Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß es für Befragte schwierig ist, vollständige und transitive Präferenzrangfolgen zu bilden, wenn es um abstrakte soziale Ziele geht. Allerdings ist die Konsistenz jeweils sehr hoch bei den am meisten und den am wenigsten präferierten Optionen. Unterschiedliche Teilgruppen der Bevölkerung haben offenbar ganz ähnliche Präferenzrangfolgen. Das ist ein Indiz dafür, daß es weithin akzeptierte Wertvorstellungen in der Bevölkerung gibt.Umweltqualität wird allgemein als eines der wichtigsten sozialen Ziele angesehen, und die Studie zeigt einen hohen Bedarf nach diesem kollektiven Gut. Allerdings ist eine Tendenz zur Trittbrettfahrer-Mentalität vorhanden, wenn ein solches soziales Ziel in Konflikt gerät mit dem individuellen ökonomischen Nutzen des Befragten. Verschiebungen zwischen einem kollektiven Wohlfahrtskriterium und einem individuellen Nutzenkriterium sind vermutlich ein Grund für die Inkonsistenz von Präferenzrangfolgen sozialer Ziele.


Liisa Uusitalo is an Associate Professor of Business Administration at the Helsinki School of Economics, Runeberginkatu 14-16, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland.  相似文献   
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The field of health care, like all fields of social life, is a site of continuous games for power and control. This paper applies the conceptual tools of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu—in particular the notions of field and capital—to analyse the diverse roles, and partially divergent objectives of the various institutions and individuals involved in the functions of financing, production, and consumption of health services. Participants in these struggles are seen to have different chances of winning or losing, depending on their relative power, which is determined by the distribution of differently valued capitals in this specific field. The expectations associated with the transition to market based control mechanisms in the field of Finnish health care, and the experiences of those directly involved in this transition are analysed. The nature and implications of the process of transition from a planning allocation system to a competition based resource allocation system are studied on the basis of extensive interviews and observations conducted in one university hospital and two central hospitals in Finland.  相似文献   
7.
Polytechnics are newcomers in companies' regional innovation environments in Finland. Particularly in regions with no university of their own or with only few knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) providers, they may become, and in some cases already are, important providers of science-and-technology-related services. The aim of this article is to analyse the roles, possibilities and challenges of polytechnics as public KIBS providers. Also, the position of polytechnics as a tool of Finnish innovation policy will be discussed.  相似文献   
8.
Health claim perception was investigated by a web-based instrument with a sample of 4,612 respondents in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden). Respondents decided which of a pair of claims sounded better, was easier to understand and was more convincing in their opinion. Claims were constructed from an underlying universe combining different active ingredients (familiar, unfamiliar), type of claim (combination of information about ingredient, physiological function and health benefit), framing (positive, negative), and use of qualifier (with, without “may”). Across pairs, the claims differed in the health benefit addressed (cardiovascular health, dementia, bodyweight). Results showed that respondents could be grouped into two roughly equally sized classes that differed in the type of claim preferred: one class prefers “long” claims that give the full story consisting of active ingredient, physiological function and health benefit, whereas the other prefers “short” claims consisting of the health benefit only. Results also showed that the familiar ingredient is preferred to the unfamiliar one, whereas effects of positive versus negative framing depended on the type of health benefit addressed.  相似文献   
9.
Based on a general framework of consumer perception and processing of advertising, this study examines the impact of animation and ad format on the attention and memorization of online ads. Consumer attention to a variety of real-world ads was measured with eye tracking and ad memory was assessed with recognition and recall tests. The results suggest that on average, animation had little or no effect on attention. We did nevertheless observe a strong interaction effect between animation and ad format, which suggests that the effect of animation is conditioned by ad format. Animation has a positive effect on attention to skyscrapers, but a negative one on attention to banners. As to memorization, animation improved recognition effects, but mainly for banners. Surprisingly, consumers could recognize ads without having looked at them, which suggests that online consumers are especially parsimonious in allocating their focal attention and memory resources to irrelevant ads when they are involved in other tasks.  相似文献   
10.
The quest for resilience   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
In less turbulent times, executives had the luxury of assuming that business models were more or less immortal. Companies always had to work to get better, but they seldom had to get different--not at their core, not in their essence. Today, getting different is the imperative. It's the challenge facing Coca-Cola as it struggles to raise its "share of throat" in noncarbonated beverages. It's the task that bedevils McDonald's as it tries to restart its growth in a burger-weary world. It's the hurdle for Sun Microsystems as it searches for ways to protect its high-margin server business from the Linux onslaught. Continued success no longer hinges on momentum. Rather, it rides on resilience-on the ability to dynamically reinvent business models and strategies as circumstances change. Strategic resilience is not about responding to a onetime crisis or rebounding from a setback. It's about continually anticipating and adjusting to deep, secular trends that can permanently impair the earning power of a core business. It's about having the capacity to change even before the case for change becomes obvious. To thrive in turbulent times, companies must become as efficient at renewal as they are at producing today's products and services. To achieve strategic resilience, companies will have to overcome the cognitive challenge of eliminating denial, nostalgia, and arrogance; the strategic challenge of learning how to create a wealth of small tactical experiments; the political challenge of reallocating financial and human resources to where they can earn the best returns; and the ideological challenge of learning that strategic renewal is as important as optimization.  相似文献   
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