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排序方式: 共有212条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Abstract. In this paper we study the first–order efficiency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator obtained from dependent observations. Our conditions are weaker than usual, in that we do not require convergences in probability to be uniform or third–order derivatives to exist.
The paper builds on Witting and Nolle's result concerning the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator obtained from independent and identically distributed observations, and on a martingale theorem by McLeish. 相似文献
The paper builds on Witting and Nolle's result concerning the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator obtained from independent and identically distributed observations, and on a martingale theorem by McLeish. 相似文献
2.
Testing for Vertical Fiscal Externalities 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Linda Andersson Thomas Aronsson Magnus Wikström 《International Tax and Public Finance》2004,11(3):243-263
The purpose of this paper is to design a test of whether the vertical external effects associated with tax base sharing among local and regional governments have become internalized via the intergovernmental transfer system. Such tests are important in the sense that the income tax rates chosen by different levels of government will generally be correlated, even if the resource allocation is optimal from society's point of view. By using panel data for the Swedish local and regional public sectors, the results imply that an increase in the regional income tax rate induces the municipalities in the region to decrease their income tax rates. In addition, we are able to reject the null hypothesis that the vertical external effects have become internalized. 相似文献
3.
Richard M. O‘Conor Magnus Johannesson Per-Olov Johansson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1999,13(2):235-248
We compare different contingent valuation question formats with each other and with observed behaviour for a non-monetary estimation task, the expected number of kilometers travelled by automobile. Open-ended questions, open-ended follow-up questions, dichotomous choice (DC) questions, and double-bound DC questions are included. The single and double-bound DC questions result in an estimated mean about twice as high as the actual value and the open-ended mean. The DC question overestimation seems to be due to an anchoring effect leading to yea-saying behaviour. Our results about the difference between DC questions and open-ended questions is consistent with the pattern observed in contingent valuations studies of the willingness to pay. Our results indicates that DC questions seem to be associated with a general overestimation problem that is present even for simple non-monetary estimation tasks. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, we show that between 1975 and 2005, Sweden exhibited a pattern of job polarization with expansions of the highest‐ and lowest‐paid jobs compared to middle‐wage jobs. The most popular explanation for such a pattern is the hypothesis of task‐biased technological change, where technological progress reduces the demand for routine middle‐wage jobs but increases the demand for non‐routine jobs located at the tails of the job–wage distribution. However, our estimates do not support this explanation for the 1970s and 1980s. Stronger evidence for task‐biased technological change, albeit not conclusive, is found for the 1990s and 2000s. In particular, there is both a statistically and economically significant growth of non‐routine jobs and a decline of routine jobs. However, results for wages are mixed; while task‐biased technological change cannot explain changes in between‐occupation wage differentials, it does have considerable explanatory power for changes in within‐occupation wage differentials. 相似文献
5.
This paper disentangles the effect of inequality in permanent and transitory wages on hours worked by, first, estimating the two components for Swedish industries and, second, using the resulting estimates as explanatory variables in an hours-worked equation. Consistent with Bell and Freeman’s (2001) inequality-hours hypothesis, permanent wage differentials are found to have a positive effect on individuals’ hours of work while transitory wage differentials have no effect. However, the analysis also shows that, in estimated hours-worked equations, inequality in observed wages is potentially a good approximation for inequality in permanent wages. 相似文献
6.
In our 2011 survey of the literature in the Journal of Economic Surveys on the effect of government size on economic growth in wealthy countries we find a relatively consistent pattern: An increase in government size by 10 percentage points is associated with a 0.5–1 percentage point lower annual growth rate. This conclusion is questioned by Colombier. In this rejoinder we present a rebuttal of Colombier's argument based on a detailed scrutiny of his own statistical evidence and regression results. Furthermore, we note that several new papers that have appeared since our original paper was published give support to our main conclusion. 相似文献
7.
Glenn C. Blomquist Karen Blumenschein Magnus Johannesson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2009,43(4):473-502
Correction for hypothetical bias using follow up certainty questions often takes one of two forms: (1) two options, “definitely sure” and “probably sure”, or (2) a 10-point scale with 10 very certain. While both have been successful in eliminating hypothetical bias from estimates of WTP by calibrating based on the certainty of yes responses, little is known about the relationship between the two. The purpose of this paper is to compare the two using data from three field experiments in a private good, dichotomous choice format. We compare four types of yes responses that differ in the criterion used to determine if there is sufficient certainty for a hypothetical yes response to be considered a true yes response. We make several comparisons, but focus on determining which values on the 10-point scale give the same estimates of WTP as “definitely sure” hypothetical yeses and real yeses (actual purchases). Values that produce equivalence are near 10 on the certainty scale. 相似文献
8.
9.
This article tests the public interest and regulatory capture hypotheses, in the context of the Swedish electricity market,
by studying the factors influencing the Swedish Energy Agency’s decision to replace decision-makers it employs to hear customer
complaints against utilities. The study covers the period from the beginning of 1996, when a series of regulatory reforms
were introduced to improve consumer protection, until the end of 2008. The study concludes that decision-makers who find in
favor of customers have had a statistically lower probability of being removed, consistent with public interest theory. A
transitory effect of favoring utilities can be observed for the period from 2 to 6 years following the reforms. In this period,
government and public scrutiny of the regulator, which had been high in the immediate aftermath of the reforms, had waned
and there were few precedents decided by the courts that the regulator was required to follow. This vacuum created an opportunity
for the utilities to increase their influence over the regulator. Once the courts started establishing precedents in relatively
large numbers, the supervisory role of the courts ensured that the actions of the regulator were scrutinized. This development
has served a similar function to government and public scrutiny in the years immediately following the reforms in promoting
the public interest. 相似文献
10.
Entrepreneurship and the theory of taxation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A review of the literature on firm taxation reveals that the economics of entrepreneurship has not sufficiently been taken
into consideration. We discuss how this affects conclusions derived from standard models of capital taxation when applied
to entrepreneurial income. Some defining features of entrepreneurship important for analyzing the effects of taxation of owner-managed
firms are identified. These include the lack of a well-functioning external market for entrepreneurial effort, limited access
to external capital and complementarities between entrepreneurial innovation, effort and capital. Due to these constraints,
the entrepreneurial project is tied to the individual owner–manager. The entrepreneur is unable to decouple saving decisions
from investment decisions, and makes joint decisions on the supply of effort and capital. The return from successful entrepreneurial
ventures can therefore not be readily divided into labor and capital income, in deep contrast to what is typically assumed
in taxation theory. It is argued that when distinct attributes of entrepreneurship are taken into account, certain conclusions
of capital taxation models may no longer hold, including the neutrality of capital taxation in owner-managed firms. Cost of
capital formulas derived from the behavior of public firms could underestimate distortions when applied to the investment
behavior of entrepreneurial firms. For tax purposes and otherwise, it becomes useful to analyze return to entrepreneurial
activity as income of a distinct factor of production. In this context, conceptual issues and the difficulties of measuring
entrepreneurial income are discussed. 相似文献