Future health of indigenous peoples A human ecology view and the case of the Amazonian Shipibo-Conibo

Health has its basis in the relationships between human societies and cultures and the environment. The health of indigenous peoples living in traditional territories is threatened today by the destruction of this environment and the introduction of new contagious diseases; those who move to urban areas suffer even worse health because of ‘civilization’ diseases and the loss of the social networks that provide personal support and health care. Contrary to expectations, an epidemiological transition has not occurred in developing countries where many of these groups live. Two apparent underlying causes—persistent poverty and political inequality—are among the factors that will affect the future health of indigenous groups, together with trends in population, urbanization, and the environment. Indigenous groups can play a major role in determining that future and are already doing so through territorial-control projects aimed at protecting the environment on which their health and well-being depend.