Immigration and the path dependence of education: the case of German‐speakers in São Paulo,Brazil (1840–1920)

This article studies the path dependence of human capital accumulation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It focuses on the impacts of German‐speaking immigrants on education through three channels: their share of the population in the nineteenth century, their on‐the‐job skills, and the schools they founded. Using a new dataset based on almanacs from 1873 and 1888, these effects are evaluated for the nineteenth, early twentieth, and early twenty‐first centuries. The article shows that the institutionalized demand for education of these immigrants, reflected by the establishment of schools, was their main contribution to the accumulation of human capital. The effect of German schools on educational levels required a period to mature and dissipated over time. Nevertheless, its influence was substantial at the beginning of the twentieth century, affecting enrolment levels in private and state schools, a result that suggests the existence of spillover and contagion effects. Moreover, current indicators for stocks and flows of human capital in São Paulo are strongly associated with their historical levels. At the same time, this path dependence is conditional on the type of school: while a positive persistence is found for the private system throughout the twentieth century, convergence occurred in state schools.     

Meeting Magnet research evidence-based practice expectations through hospital-based research centers

Hospital-based nursing research centers can create the structures and processes needed to promote and sustain research and evidence-based practice (EBP) and assist in the monitoring of care delivery outcomes. At the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, a highly successful nursing research center has succeeded in creating a Magnet environment that incorporates research and EBP into strategic planning, individual employee performance review, and organizational processes. Support of a hospital-based research center can provide the foundation for an infrastructure that supports achievement of Magnet designation research and EBP criteria. The costs pertain primarily to the staff required to develop and manage the center and the educational programs offered through it. Based on the experience at this center, administrators should plan 3-5 years before significant impact is seen in terms of numbers of consultations performed and tangible increases in staff and leadership participation in research and EBP initiatives.     

Analysis of ambulatory nursing practice

A nursing patient classification system can be used in ambulatory care to facilitate decision making relative to staffing assignments and to begin examining differences in patients' nursing care requirements according to medical diagnosis or other patient characteristics.     

The Impact of Managerial Quality on Employee Turnover

Abstract

This paper empirically examines, at the organizational level, the impact of quality public managers on turnover. Quality managers can influence turnover through human capital management, budgeting, setting tasks and providing goals. However, their ability to affect turnover depends on managerial level, which in this study are the upper and middle levels. Managerial quality is operationalized with superintendent and principal salaries and turnover is operationalized with the retention rate of teachers in school districts. The findings reveal that quality middle managers exert a significant and negative effect on organizational turnover and quality upper level managers do not directly influence turnover.     

A Short History of Efficiency

Efficiency is a management concept with a long history, running from scientific management to business process reengineering. In the early 20th century Harrington Emerson, an engineer, argued that an efficient organisation was a necessary prerequisite to task and process efficiency. Rejecting the machine metaphor of scientific management, Emerson conceived of an organic organisation where efficiency was a natural occurrence, not an imposed set of targets and procedures — a concept that has a lot in common with total quality management and a management philosophy that remains valid and important.     

Overshooting des Wechselkurses,Substituierbarkeit der Finanzaktiva und J-Kurve

Summary Overshooting of the exchange rate, substitutability of financial assets and J-curve. — Assuming that the Marshall-Lerner condition holds already in the impact-phase, Frenkel and Rodriguez demonstrate that overshooting of the flexible exchange rate following a domestic monetary expansion is an increasing function of the international substitutability of financial assets. In our paper it is shown that this relation is reversed when allowing for the J-curve effect in the trade balance, i.e. when assuming that the Marshall-Lerner condition holds merely in the medium or long run which is supported by recent econometric studies. Overshooting of the flexible exchange rate is then a decreasing function of the degree of substitutability. While the Frenkel-Rodriguez-model suggests capital controls to weaken overshooting, our model shows that overshooting cannot be prevented but is minimal when there is perfect substitutability of financial assets.

---

Résumé Débordement du taux de change, substitutabilité des actifs financiers et la J-courbe. — Sous la supposition que la condition de Marshall-Lerner est déjà valable dans la phase d’impact, Frenkel et Rodriguez démontrent que le débordement du taux change flexible causé par une expansion monétaire locale est une fonction accroissante de la substitutabilité internationale des actifs financiers. Dans cet article, il est démontré que cette relation a changé si l’on considére l’effet de la J-courbe dans la balance commerciale, c.-à.-d. si l’on suppose que la condition de Marshall-Lerner n’est valable qu’au médium ou long terme, une condition qui est supportée par des recherches économétriques récentes. En ce cas le débordement du taux de change flexible est une fonction décroissante de degré de substitutabilité. Pendant que le modéle de Frenkel-Rodriguez suggére que des contróles des capitaux peuvent affaiblir le débordement, notre modéle suggére que le débordement ne peut pas être avoué mais qu’il est minimal en cas d’une compléte substitutabilité des actifs financiers.

---

Resumen ?Overshooting? del tipo de cambio, sustituci?n de activos financieros y la curva J. — Partiendo de la base que la condici?n Marshall-Lerner es satisfecha incluso en la fase de impacto inicial, Frenkel y Rodriguez demuestran que el ?overshooting? del tipo de cambio como consecuencia de una expansion domèstica de la oferta monetaria, es una funcion creciente de la sustituci?n intemacional de activos financieros. En este artfculo se muestra como este relacion se revierte cuando se tiene en cuenta el efecto de la curva J en la balanza comercial; en otros tèrminos, cuando se asume que la condici?n Marshall-Lerner se ve satisfecha ünicamente a medio o a largo plazo, como indican recientes estudios economètricos. ?Overshooting? del tipo de cambio es entonces una funci?n decreciente de grado de sustituci?n. Mientras que el modelo de Frenkel y Rodriguez sugiere contróles de capital para reducir el grado de ?overshooting?, en este modelo se pone de manifiesto que el ?overshooting? no puede evitarse pero sin embargo es mfnimo cuando existe una sustitucián perfecta entre activos financieros.